Midsummer Nights Dream Act5 Scene1

Midsummer Night’s Dream: To what extent does ACT5 Scene1 present a harmonious â€Å"New World†? Act 5 Scene 1 is considered to be a harmonious â€Å"New World†, not forgetting that we have just left the â€Å"Green world† with all the mischief and fairies all around. This would make us question is the green world really gone? And is the new world really all that â€Å"Harmonious†? Act 5 Scene1 is the resolution of the entire play. At the start of It is obvious that the harmonious â€Å"New world† is present, with all the arguments and lovers falling out with one another and falling in love with someone else, all that has been left behind.Usually, characters who return from the Green world back into the new world discover that all their problems have been resolved and any past mistakes they have made, they will learn from. Lysander and Hermia and Demetrius and Helena all marry, this would be interesting because in a â€Å"New World† mul tiple marriages suggest that there is social harmony. On the other hand none of these marriages are shown on stage in front of the audience and just reading the play we only hear about the marriage taking place and are taken straight to the celebrations of the evening.This would allow us to think that if all the marriages taking place are legitimate and doesn’t really portray a harmonious feel,its just leaves us confused on the reason â€Å"why†. All shown above supports Frays theory on the â€Å"New World†, but how true is this love between the Athenians in the â€Å"New World†? Demetrius is still under the Love Juices influence that was placed on his eyes during Act3 Scene1, and is under the impression that he is in love with Helena, so much so, that he has married her. Now we are left with the nagging thought of: if the â€Å"green world† i. the fairies didn’t interfere with Demetrius’ inner feelings and mind, would he still be â⠂¬Å"in love† with Hermia? And would Act5 Scene1 be really that â€Å"Harmonious† taking into consideration that it was the help of the â€Å"Green World† that allowed this â€Å"new world† to happen but its interference is still present. So how far has the problems from the â€Å"Green World† been resolved? Because surely if everything had been resolved Demetrius would’ve naturally fallen in love with her without the interference of Puck and Oberon.At the start of Act5 Scene1 Hippolyta notes to Theseus that the young Athenian lovers story is strange but Theseus seems to dismiss this idea with â€Å"More Strange Than True†. Theseus makes the connection between the wild imaginations of the lovers, lunatics and poets, all of which fit in nicely with the idea of fantasies. With the lunatics imagination in play turning heaven into hell, thinking they can see devils everywhere. Lovers’ being just as crazy seem to think that shaping He lena’s face in the â€Å"brow of Egypt† makes her beautiful. The poet on the other hand creates entire worlds from â€Å"airy nothing† of imagination.This could be considered god like, meaning we have no real control over what happens. The formality of Theseus’ words changes. From being a man with the voice of reason, logic and law throughout the play. He uses words/phrases such as â€Å"lunatic lovers and the poet† and â€Å"imagination† all this short phrases and words you’d expect to find in the â€Å"green world† which plays around with the idea of lunatic behaviour and a great deal of imagination. Along with the change of formality in the way he speaks, he also begins to talk about animals and how the human eye can be misleading, â€Å"how easy a bush supposed a bear†.Theses opinion of the lovers, makes us really think are things in the â€Å"new world† always as they seem? And is the love they feel for their dear ones really true or in fact just an illusion which has been made that â€Å"form things unknown†. Is this really how a â€Å"new world† is supposed to be? With the easy misleading of the human eye, which could taint the ideas of true love and marriage. The mechanics play brings dancing and festive behaviour towards the end of the scene; this would support the ideas of a â€Å"New world†. The mechanics produce a â€Å"play within a play† this would highlight the illusion and reality shown throughout out the play.The character Bottom who plays Pyramus talks in rhythm and rhyme. Between lines 260-275 in the play this flowing and overwhelming of the rhythm and rhyme, would be supported in act4 scene 1 where bottom refers to himself in large amounts as â€Å"me thinks† this would demonstrate repetition and rhyme and lack of organisation within the mechanicals play. This would contradict the ideas of the â€Å"New World†, as the â€Å"new w orld† is supposed to be considered where all things are to be organised and shouldn’t consist of repetition of things because those would’ve been left behind in the green world.Bottom playing Pyramus is a lover who kills himself at the end of the play, this play is performed in the â€Å"new world†. Now we know that the play ends with the lovers getting married, but in this celebration death is being presented alongside it with the mechanics play. Would this play fit into the â€Å"new world† idea? Or could it be considered a sort of sign or representation that the new world isn’t always going to be filled with harmonious happiness and in fact that there will always be a harsh reality out there? Act5 Scene1 begins with the high social class of the Athenians and then it ends with the Fairies: Puck, Oberon and Titania.It is evident that the â€Å"New world† is in place because the problems that were once occurring between Titania and Obe ron have now been resolved and they have now learnt from their mistakes. At the end of this act Oberon blesses the Athenians and his blessing suggests that new ideas and solutions are going to take place. The importance of children is also important because it signifies a â€Å"new world†. However there is a darker side to Oberon’s blessings. In a part of Oberon’s blessing it says â€Å"Never mole, hare-lip, nor mark prodigious, such as are, despised in nativity†.The fact that this play is supposed to end with a â€Å"happy† and â€Å"harmonious† marriage is contradicted by the short sentence in Oberon’s blessing. It shows that there is that darker side of marriage which involves children and how they should be perfect and that they should be cast aside if they have any de-formation. It could possibly be Shake spears way of telling the audience that there is no such thing as a harmonious new world and that there will always be that da rk side that cannot be controlled. Marriage is supposed to be a binding before god, would the gods approve of this blessing?

Best Buy Case Analysis

Case Analysis Current Situation â€Å"Our formula is simple: we’re a growth company focused on better solving the unmet needs of our customers—and we rely on our employees to solve those puzzles. Thanks for stopping. † Richard Schulze started Best Buy and grew it to a million dollar company within four years. The future CEO of Best Buy learned that diversification in the stores’ offerings and serving various target segments led to increased market share.After going public in 1985, Best Buy changed from commissioned and specialized customer assistants to a non-exempt, hourly paid sale associates to ensure that customers’ needs are the employees’ top priority. In 1999, Best Buy successfully launched its online store. Through acquisitions of Napster, electronic sellers, and home appliances suppliers, Best Buy was able to grow and gain the resources necessary for its international expansion. By using backwards vertical integration, Best Buy was a ble to broaden their scope and have bigger economies of scale, achieving savings that were passed along to our customers.Related diversification has also allowed Best Buy to maintain revenues, even through the recent economic recession. Best Buy’s primary industries are Radio, Television, and Other Electronics Stores (NAICS 443112), Electrical and Electronic Appliance, Television, and Radio Set Merchant Wholesalers (NAICS 423620), Computer and Computer Peripheral Equipment and Software Merchant Wholesalers (NAICS 423430) and Household Appliance Stores (NAICS 443111). Price per share as of February 19, 2013 is $17. 33.In September 2011, Best Buy was named to the 2011 Dow Jones Sustainability index for corporate citizenship and philanthropy, social reporting, stakeholder engagement and operational eco-efficiency. Currently, Best Buy’s greatest struggle is facing new industry competitors. The company is losing market share to online retailers, such as Amazon, and to its p rimary suppliers, including Apple, HP, and Dell. Best Buy’s suppliers have taken an approach to reduce the intermediaries between company and its customers, strategies that have left Best Buy out of the loop.In order to stay ahead of competitors (in terms of market share and sales) Best Buy has implemented a permanent price matching policy that was launched during the 2012 holiday season. This tactical move will help Best Buy retain its existing market share, but maintaining costs low enough to support this pricing strategy might be difficult for the showroom giant. In regards to diversification, Best Buy has enlarged its scope from home and car stereos, to nearly all electronic appliances and to multimedia offerings such as DVD’s, CD’s, videogames, etc.Best Buy has also continued customer relationship managements by implementing after-purchase support and diversifying its offerings by acquiring Geek Squad, Best Buy’s task force that provides technical su pport and installation of various software programs for recently purchased electronics. General Environmental Analysis The general environmental analysis emphasizes the trends that occur in the technology, demographics, economics, political/legal, sociocultural, physical and global segments of the environment.The goal of this analysis is to help find which of these segments will have the most impact on Best Buy over the next few years. Based on research and data we believe the segments that will be the most relevant to Best Buy are the demographic, technology, sociocultural, and global segments. Demographically, the United States population is getting larger, older, and more ethnically diverse. There are approximately 315,398,676 people in the United States, making it the third largest country in the world. The United States has grown by 103% since 1950 and is estimated to have a population around 440 million by 2050.An influencing factor in the population increase is that Americans are living longer. Due to advances in healthcare, people are living and contributing to society longer. Baby boomers, the biggest segment the U. S. population, are now becoming senior citizens and have caused the 65+ population age to shift from 8. 1% in the 1950 to over 12. 4% today. The United States continues to move up the list as one of the most racially and ethnically diverse countries in the world. The prevailing trend is the significant increase in the Hispanic population, stronger in the next few years.This growth is caused by immigration; more Hispanics are coming to the United States seeking refuge, jobs, or a better life for their family. As the population continues to change, Best Buy must find ways to cater to all generations, and avoid dependency on demographics and traditional marketing. They must target specific market segments and foresee the needs and wants of different generations through relevant and integrated marketing promotions. Specific targeting of custom ers will help Best Buy retain customers and create company loyalty. Technology is another segment that will have a major impact on Best Buy in the near future.Predictive analysis, social media, and multichannel retailing are trends that are most important in Best Buy’s general environment. Knowing your customers is a critical part to any industry, and predictive analysis is becoming one of the best ways to accomplish that objective. By correctly using technology to control the high volume and availability of data, companies can understand customers’ wants. A core competency of both Amazon and Netflix predictive analysis; based on previous purchases or views Amazon and Netflix can recommend items that the customers may be interested in, and the customer can give feedback about those recommendations.Predictive analysis is becoming more prevalent online, and to stay competitive, pure brick-and-mortar companies must follow suit. Best Buy uses predictive analysis through re ward programs and by analyzing consumer purchases. The company then sends coupons or information about promotions that may meet a customer’s profile. A simple example could be a person buys a DVD player and predictive analysis could be used to send that customer offer or promotions on DVD’s. Social media continues to be a growing trend in today’s business. Customers are now turning to social media to get information about companies and their products.According to research 70% of consumer use social media to hear about other consumers experiences, 65% use it to find information on brands, products, and services, 50% share concerns, 53% compliment brands, and 47% share money incentives. A person’s influence in social media circles can determine the extent of the benefit or harm to a company’s reputation; this is especially true with celebrities and athletes with millions of followers. Best Buy can take advantage of these statistics to improve their s trategic competitiveness by targeting champions to test new products and promotions and diffuse the findings through social media.The company can also use social media to show customers that they voicing their concerns matters, and solving customers’ problems, which would lead to an increase in customer retention and brand loyalty. Multichannel retailing is also becoming one the more relevant trends in the general environment. Consumers today have more options of purchasing points than ever before. With the latest technology, consumers can order a shirt using their cell phone, computer, tablet, or the retail store. This trend mixes with sociocultural trends and offers consumers convenience and a better shopping experience.This is relevant to Best Buy because it allows more ways to reach customers. Best Buy can send information to customers’ mobile devices and take advantage of impulse buyers by offering a venue for them to buy directly, without having to go to store. O verall, Best buy has made efforts to improve a customer’s experience through a variety of tactical decisions. Trends in the sociocultural segment are another area that will have an impact on Best Buy through its general environment. One of the biggest trends in this segment is convenience.Location/ access, variety/availability, speed of service, price, and environment are all big factors when it comes to convenience and play a big part in consumer beliefs about the benefits of shopping at a specific store. Best Buy does its best to make stores convenient with a variety of displays, Geek Squad on hand, and a friendly environment. Best Buy has increased convenience by offering products online for customers who prefer to stay out of the brick-and-mortar store. Best Buy focuses on these efforts by offering free shipping and by developing the Best Buy Marketplace, which will increase the variety and brands accessible to consumers.Another change in the attitude of consumers is the trend of aspirationalism. People today have a heightened sense of aspiration and have many goals they hope to accomplish. As a result consumers expect companies to meet all of their expectations as fast as possible. This need is fulfilled by speedy service and Best Buy’s in-store Geek Squad is capable of meeting goals quickly and efficiently. To keep up with expectations and competition, Best Buy must provide the latest technology and equipment to customer whenever they need it.Global trends that are sweeping the market are expansion into international areas and environmentally friendly (or â€Å"green†) initiatives. Many companies are looking to expand to overseas markets due to the potential growth in markets such as China, and India. In fact, according to Forbes. com, China is forecasted to have 10 to 16% share of world GDP growth from 2007 to 2014. Best Buy has made a strategic decision to invest in China with their growth initiative, where they hope to open approx imately 50 stores and implement Best Buy Mobile store-within-a-store concept in 2013.Environmentally friendly or â€Å"green† initiatives are an important trend to consumers and companies. Consumers are now more aware of their carbon footprints and against companies who fail to be eco-friendly. One thing that retailers like Best Buy are doing to be eco-friendly is reducing the size of packaging. Recyclable paper is now one of the main packaging ingredients for retailers like Best Buy. This is important because it will improve the company’s reputation and keep them in a positive light with consumers. Industry AnalysisBest Buy is in the retailing Radio, Television, Consumer Electronics, and Music Stores industry (443112), which sell household appliances, home entertainment devices and electronic products. In this industry, these retailers typically sell new products from manufacturers and wholesalers and often offer repair services for their products. Best Buy their serv ices are their Geek Squad division. Over the last five years, the industry revenue has dropped an average rate of 5. 0% annually ending in 2012 at $72. 2b. This decrease is also expected to continue to decline another 2. 8% (this year? ).But in the years leading up to 2017 the forecasts state that with the continuingly recovering economy revenue for this industry will also slowly crawl up at an average of 1. 3% each year. In the Radio, Television, Consumer Electronics, and Music Stores industry, the threat of new entrants is low due to the fact that there are many barriers to entry. The biggest barrier is the large amount of competitors in this industry and similar industries. The leading competitors are online retailers like Amazon, discount stores like Wal-Mart, appliance retailers like Lowes. With Best Buy holding 49. % of the market share and RadioShack holding 4. 8% it’s hard for new entrants to play with organizations that have established brand recognition and the vari ety of products that these retailers have. Another barrier to entry is that it requires a lot of startup capital to purchase all of the merchandise that is needed to compete with Best Buy. The threat of substitute products is low because Best Buy has close relationships with manufacturers and wholesalers of many prominent brands that will usually keep Best Buy ahead of the game by receiving the newest products from the hottest brands.There is also not many substitute products that are available that the consumer would be interested in purchasing. The ability the consumer has to go anywhere from online, to discount stores, to other electronic retailers makes the bargaining power of the buyer to be extremely high. Customers are now able to find the best products at the best prices online or are able to do price matching Bargaining power of suppliers is extremely high because Best Buy buys most of its merchandise from Sony, Samsung and LG, etc. This gives these organizations the upper hand and the ability to determine the price at which to sell its products to Best Buy.Best Buy essentially is forced to pay any amount that these large organizations think is appropriate based on the demand of the products at any given time. The competition among retailers in the consumer electronic industry is high with Wal-Mart being the frontrunner in the competition. Wal-Mart’s price matching strategy has led consumers to purchase electronics at Wal-Mart for lower prices. The mere size of stores like Wal-Mart and Costco has made competition fierce for Best Buy because it is nearly impossible for them to keep up the quantity of goods that are available at the super size discount stores.Amazon is another extraordinary threat to Best Buy, as well as to the industry as a whole, because Amazon enables the consumer to view a larger range of products online at time that is convenient for them. Home improvement stores like Lowes and Home Depot have also drawn many customers to th em with their elite selection of household appliances like dishwashers, stoves, and refrigerators. Internal analysis Best Buy’s internal environment has certain qualities that have affected its primary goal of making a profit.Best Buy’s top management recently changed after its CEO Brian Dunn resigned in April 2012 after it was revealed that he had had an inappropriate relationship with a female employee. This was only a little over three short years after he came to the position in June 2009. Hubert Joly, a French businessman, took over the position of CEO on August 17, 2012. Richard Schulze, who created Best Buy and sat as chairman of the board of directors, also resigned in June 2012, and Hatim A. Tyabji was his replacement. Hubert Joly, as the new CEO, had many problems to solve when he came to the position.The stock prices were down 50% at the time. Best Buy’s financial struggles are reflected in the income statement from the 3rd quarter of 2012, which is t he most recent financial information available. In this quarter, Best Buy had a net loss of $13 million, showing a significant decrease from the 3rd quarter of 2011, in which there was a $173 million net income. Top management attributes this sharp decline in income to a lower gross profit rate, higher sales, general, and administrative expenses, and lower revenues. The 3rd quarter of 2012 showed revenues in the United States of $7. million, down 4. 7% from the prior year period. Best Buy’s fixed expenses are significantly higher than its competitors because of the costs of maintaining large superstores. These brick and mortar locations are one of Best Buy’s most expensive resources, and the costs associated with them have become one of Best Buy’s greatest weaknesses. With high costs, Best Buy has struggled to compete with its competitors’ prices, causing a decrease in revenue as well. Best Buy announced in 2012 that it planned to close 50 superstores and lay off hundreds of employees.Best Buy’s products include gadgets, movies, music, computers, mobile phones, and appliances. In order to create value that its competitors cannot easily provide, Best Buy also offers services that include installation, maintenance, technical support, and subscriptions for mobile phone and internet services. In 2002, Best Buy acquired Geek Squad, a well-known computer repair service. Now, when customers buy a computer from Best Buy, they have the option to also purchase coverage from Geek Squad at a relatively low price. Best Buy’s customer service is continually improving as it is investing more in employee training and compensation.The sales associates ask customers a series of questions to get to know their unique needs and are therefore able to find the product that best suits them. This superior customer service and technical support is a core competency of Best Buy because it provides extra value for the customer, it is rare that a company can provide the variety of products Best Buy offers as well as expertise to handle issues with all of them, it is very difficult to imitate because of the high costs associated with training and compensation, and the experience of providing customer service face to face is not easily substituted.Many people expected Best Buy to see the same fate as its previous competitor, Circuit City, who had closed all of its stores in January 2009 after declaring bankruptcy. Joly, however, has made efforts to turn around the strategy of Best Buy by lowering costs, improving customer service, and decreasing store sizes in order to help Best Buy remain competitive in its industry. Identification of external opportunities and threats Best Buy has many opportunities that must be recognized before their window of opportunity expires. Proper external analyses are essential in running, and maintaining a sustainable business.There are four key components to external analyses. These include scann ing, monitoring, forecasting, and assessing. When a company like Best Buy participates in scanning they are attempting to anticipate changes in the general environment and recognize changes that are already occurring. They then monitor those changes to see if relevant trends can be identified. Forecasting will be a challenge to Best Buy because of rapid changes in technology. It is nearly impossible to predict what will happen in the future because Best Buy is unaware of the type of resources they will have at their disposal.Once Best Buy has taken the first three steps it is important that they assess the information, so that they can interpret the data and use it in a competitive manner. After Best Buy does an in depth external analyses they will realize their opportunities include growing the services offered to customers, expanding its mobile services, and growing internationally. If Best Buy grows its services offered to customers it could potentially create value through incre asing in store traffic and online purchasing. Expanding mobile services is a highly attractive opportunity for Best Buy.Although Best Buy has seen a decrease in sales in many of its stores, Best Buy Mobile has proven to be quite successful in the current market. Best Buy has seen a 5% loss in comparable stores, which would have been a 15% loss if the sales of Best Buy Mobile did not make up the damage. Acknowledging Best Buy as a global brand could have a significant impact, and presents an intriguing opportunity to Best Buy. Global innovation, consumer electronics, and the use of technology have never been more important in an international market than they are today.Best Buy has experienced success and failure in the international market. They have had success in Canada and Mexico, and have been unsuccessful in Europe and China. Best Buy needs to figure out how to adapt to foreign markets where they have been unsuccessful. If Best Buy can adapt to foreign markets more effectively than competitors it could create a competitive advantage. The way to successfully analyze an industry like the one Best Buy is in is through the Porter’s Five Forces Model. This will indicate whether or not the opportunities the industry presents are attractive enough to outweigh the threats.The first aspect of Porter’s Five Forces is the threat of new entrants. In an industry like Best Buy’s the threat of new entrants is not very high. Best Buy has already driven multiple competitors out of business. There are high barriers to entry, and Best Buy would not hesitate to retaliate if any new entrances transpired. The second aspect of the Porter’s Five Forces Model is the threat of substitute products. This is a concern for Best Buy because many of its competitors are selling similar products online.The products they sell are not highly differentiated amongst competitors, and many consumers feel their competitors provide a more convenient option. Best Buy th en must analyze the bargaining power of both suppliers and buyers in the industry. Best Buy serves as a middle man, so they do not have much power. This means that the bargaining power of suppliers is high. There are 20 suppliers that Best Buy uses for 65 percent of their products. Five of those 20 suppliers can account for 40 percent of their products.The bargaining power of the buyer is incredibly high in this industry because consumers have several different options, and different ways to purchase the products they want. Consumers can even browse products at a local Best Buy location, search for it online to see if their competitors offer a similar product at a lower price, and purchase the product somewhere else while they are in the store. The final aspect of the Porter’s Five Forces Model is to analyze the rivalry among competing firms. Best Buy’s industry provides a vast amount of rivalry among existing competitors.Purchasing consumer electronics online has beco me a common trend amongst consumers in recent years. Online retailers can maintain low costs because they don’t have the costs associated with brick and mortar locations. This allows companies like Amazon. com to steal market share from Best Buy. Other successful companies that are competitive in the industry are Wal-Mart, Costco, and Radio Shack. Based on the Porter’s Five Forces Model our analysis of the industry that Best Buy is in does not look too attractive. We would conclude that we should avoid this industry, and pursue a different direction.Strategy Development Best Buy’s big box retail stores currently follow a focused cost leadership strategy. Best Buy is best known for its big-box retail stores that offer a narrow scope of products that mainly consists of electronics. Best Buy generally advertises low prices, low price guarantees, and they offer price matching at many locations. Best Buy wants their consumers to perceive them as low cost so it can be inferred that they follow a cost leadership strategy, and since they only operate within the electronics market then that makes it a focused cost leadership strategy.The Best Buy Corporation follows a related diversification strategy. Other than the large retail locations, Best Buy currently owns Geek Squad, Best Buy Mobile, The Carphone Warehouse, and Five Stare Appliances. All of these stores have related resources, products and services. The Best Corporation tends to stick with electronics retail stores and related services. For example, Best Buy stores sell computers while Geek Squad repairs and services computers. One business serves and supports the other.Best Buy has a good corporate strategy where they only buy and operate business that sell consumer electronics or support/service consumer electronics, but best must address issues with their business level strategies. The bulk of Best Buy and its other companies business is electronics retail from brick and mortar locations where Best Buy acts as a middle man between electronics consumers and electronics manufactures, but because of internet retailers there is increasingly little need for brick and mortar retailers like Best Buy.Current trends show that more and more people are buying online because it is generally cheaper since people can buy direct from manufactures. If this trend continues, Best Buy’s big box retail stores will become obsolete and start to lose money. Best Buy has an online retail service but the brick and mortar locations still make up the majority of Best Buy’s sales. The first recommendation is that Best Buy should shift the retail part of their businesses to being more online, while keeping the non-retail services like Geek Squad.The next recommendation is that Best Buy should grow more internationally, specifically Europe. Best Buy has a strong presence in North America, but has a lot of room to grow in Europe. In Europe Best Buy mostly exists as The Carphone War ehouse, which is similar to the American Best Buy stores but the majority of The Carphone Warehouse revenue comes from selling electronics insurance and electronics repair. Best Buys could expand more into the European electronics retail market both in-store and online.Strategy Selection We believe that the better of the two strategies is to move the retail parts of Best Buy’s business to being more online. They shouldn’t move it completely online, but Best Buy should try and sell more online to try and compete with the online retailers. Best Buy has had problems with people coming into stores, looking for items, and then going home and buying them online from places like Amazon. If the customers are buying online then Best Buy should be more competitive online.The brick and mortar stores could be more like show rooms that advertise products for the online store. If Best Buy takes this route, they should then make their online prices more competitive and be sure to adv ertise those lower online prices in the stores. Implementation In the next 3 to 6 months, Best Buy can implement its strategy of increasing profit by cutting low performing stores, increasing advertising, and increasing employee training. On the tactical level, Best Buy should cut the stores performing in the bottom 2%, which would be about 28 stores.This will lower the high fixed costs associated with maintaining large brick and mortar locations. Best Buy should then move the inventory from these locations to warehouses used for online purchases and buy more warehouses if necessary. Best Buy should also increase advertising for its new price matching policy in order to gain back some of the market it lost to competitors like Amazon. On the operational level, Best Buy should increase its training to employees so that sales associates gain valuable customer relationship management skills that provide value to customers.These tactical and operational moves will cause challenges that B est Buy must address. First, a large number of layoffs can reflect badly on Best Buy, possibly causing its stock prices to be lower. Best Buy could combat this by launching a â€Å"goodwill campaign,† expressing the savings that will be passed on to its customers. Secondly, increasing warehouse capacity could lead to high costs for Best Buy. The company should combat this by controlling its inventory holding costs and ensuring that online sales match its inventory.Finally, the cost of training employees will be a challenge to meet. Best Buy must make this training worth the expense by ensuring that the quality of customer service will result in revenues high enough to cover the costs. Customer surveys would be a good quality control for the sales staff. Customers should be given the option to answer questions about their Best Buy experience via text messages, calls, or email, and sales associates should be given rewards points for good reviews.

Analyzing Social Policy: Obama Care Essay

In pursuit of social and economic justice in modern, capitalist societies, it is evident that ideology has played an important role. Yet, if we are determined to make any progress in this incredibly important effort, we have to try to transcend limitations imposed by ideology and political demagogy, and establish grounds from which to carry out a rational debate on some of the most important issues in our societies. One of the crucial issues of today, as seen by Jimenez (2010) is the issue of health insurance and availability of quality health services to all the members of the society. In this area, the phenomenon of Obama Care has been one of the best examples of how ideology and politics can cause a lot of problems on the way towards establishing a just and more humane society. This essay is a fact-based analysis of the intentions behind and effect of the US health care reform of 2010, known under the name of Obama Care. The social problem that got its solution in the form of Obama Care was essentially the fact that the American health care industry, prior to the instatement of this law was in a deep crisis. Around 50 million people had no health insurance, which meant that in case they got sick they would have to cover all the costs of treatment, which can be measured in tens of thousands of dollars. Further, people with pre-existing conditions were disallowed from getting health insurance because there was a chance that the companies would not profit from them. Also, companies were able to cancel the contract with a person for almost arbitrary reasons in cases when people were in greatest need of health insurance (Obama Care Facts). All in all, the situation was catastrophic, and urgent change was needed. The Affordable Care Act, which was signed into law by Barack Obama in 2010, is essentially a piece of legislation that aimed at solving the above mentioned problems in the health industry. The target population of this policy was the working poor and the unemployed who had no way of paying for treatment in case a member of their family fell sick and needed medical help. The problem with health insurance in the US arose with the increase in unemployment and drop in the income of middle class and working class citizens, which had its consequences in the increase in the number of people who were not able to provide medical help for themselves and their families. The effects of this policy can be said to be largely positive though the situation is still far from satisfactory. In 2011, the percentage of people who had no health insurance dropped from 16. 3 to 15. 7 percent of the general population, which meant that 1. 3 million people got insured in just one year. Companies no longer have the right to cancel a contract with a client except in a case of fraud on the client’s part. Moreover, Obama Care assured the coverage of prevention treatments such as mammography and colonoscopy, which now saves millions of dollars on treatment of breast and colon cancer – the two most widespread forms of this deadly disease. Also, the premium rates are now being decreased for the majority of working Americans (Obama Care Facts). The instatement of this Act was attacked by the members of the Republican Party and rightwing commentators as socialist and against the free market. They also argued that this policy would mean a major increase in taxes. This would result in slowing down the economy and loss of jobs (Dubay 2011); however, this law actually leaves the freedom of choice and competition intact because people still have the right to choose between providers of insurance and decide what the best option. Also, there were some new taxation to cover the expenses, but it affected only the top three percent of small businesses. This will have a slight increase in taxes which is measured in fractions of a percent. In addition, it offered a tax relief for those small companies who decided to pay for their workers insurance under Obama Care (Affordable Care Act Summary). The impact of this piece of legislation on the Federal budget and citizens’ income is also expected to be positive. For example, Obama Care decreases the government spending by 716 billions of dollars by adjusting the policies under Medicare and Medicaid. Furthermore, families whose income is below the national average will see a decrease of 60 per cent in their health care insurance premiums. Finally, there is going to be a boost in health care industry with new job openings and the increase in revenue which is already around 70 percent at some clinics (Obama Care Facts). Although it is a major improvement in the struggle for social justice, this policy is far from being a perfect solution. There are still somewhere around 48 million American citizens who have not been covered by this policy (Obama Care Facts), and although the plans are to slowly include them as well, it is a striking fact that such a large number of people in the richest country in the world can live without health insurance. One need not look very far in order to see that a system that provides universal health care is possible, because Canada, the closest neighbor of the US, has that kind of system, and most of the European countries have it as well, even those that do not belong to the most developed countries. The amount of controversy that this policy caused is a sign of just how great an obstacle ideological and political misrepresentations and falsifications of reality can be, in the struggle for a more just and humane society that treats its citizens with dignity. In that light, Obama Care is certainly a great step forward.

Stronger UN sanctions are the best way forward for dealing with Irans Essay

Stronger UN sanctions are the best way forward for dealing with Irans nuclear ambitions - Essay Example Are stronger UN sanctions the best way to deal with Iran’s nuclear ambitions? Seeking to address this question and many more with respect to Iran’s nuclear ambitions, this essay will persuasively argue that an aggressive foreign policy by key international actors is the only means through which Iran’s nuclear ambitions can be contained (Financial Times, 2009; Hareetz, 2009). Why not continue to sanction Iran? The theocratic Islamic republic continues to ignore international condemnation with respect to its nuclear ambitions and it has become widely apparent that sanctions – be they United Nations or bilateral sanctions such as those presently implemented by the United States – have not worked. Iran has faced a plethora of international sanctions in relation to its continued desire to enrich uranium following Iran’s decision to ignore Security Council Resolution 1696, which expressly forbade Iran from ceasing its uranium enrichment program. This was followed by ignore Security Council Resolution 1737 which froze the assets of key individuals and companies involved in the enrichment program as well as limited the availability of nuclear-scale material to this country. Sanctions were increased in March of 2007 with Security Council Resolution 1747 and again with Resolution 1803 which expressly forbade Iran from continuing its enrichmen t process. Iran has consistently ignored the international community and as we have persuasively demonstrated, remains committed to developing nuclear technology. What other options are available to the international community to deal with this rogue state? Iran’s nuclear ambitions will have both regional as well as global repercussions. From a regional perspective, the Jewish state of Israel will most likely be impacted by a nuclear Iran. Despite this, the United States

Cash Basis Accounting Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cash Basis Accounting - Coursework Example The coursework "Cash Basis Accounting" talks about the cash basis accounting particularly when it is appropriate, petty cash fund and the age of accounts receivable particularly on what basis they are determined. The cash basis accounting is used by most of the sole proprietors as well as businesses without inventory. The system is considered appropriate for a small service company, cash-based business or small businesses. On the cash basis, accounting revenue is recognized once cash is received. On the other hand, in accrual accounting expenses tend to be recognized when cash is paid. Cash basis accounting differs with the accrual basis accounting in some ways. In cash basis accounting, revenues are recorded on the income statement once cash is received while in accrual-based accounting it is recorded when cash is earned. Cash earned entails cash received from customers. In cash basis accounting expenses are reported once cash is paid out while in accrual-based accounting expenses a re reported when they expire or occur. The expiry date is different from the payment period. Cash based accounting is the common mode because it is simple and provides cash flow picture more accurately. Petty cash fund is defined as the amount of cash on hand that is used in paying small amounts owed instead of writing a check. There are ways which can be employed by companies to control petty cash fund. Reporting and audit and the acceptable use are the ways which companies can employ so as to control petty cash fund.

DARK FIBER (FIBER OPTICS) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DARK FIBER (FIBER OPTICS) - Research Paper Example They also withstand ambient temperatures. Dark fiber, just as it sounds refers to unlit fiber as no light runs through it. According to Lovink (p. 226), it is an optical fiber infrastructure that has been installed but remains unused. This could be privately operated and run directly by an operator who leases it to another supplier who would rather not purchase leased line or bandwidth capacity. Hence, fiber could still be considered as dark if lit by the lessee and not the owner. This fiber is not connected or controlled by a phone company but rather an individual or company provides the required components for it to function. Dark fiber provides telecommunication operators with the ability to choose the technology that would be appropriate to them, whether SDH, fiber channel Ethernet or ATM without the need to construct an entire network infrastructure or even having to rent a managed service from an operator who other that being expensive could also be a competitor. Dark fiber has also been used in networks for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) as pointed by Rodriquez. The reason that dark fiber would exist in sufficiently planned networks would be because of the initial cost involved in installing cables, particularly civil engineering. The accompanying activities encompass planning, obtaining permission, routing, creating channels and ducts for the cables, installation and connection. Wagter claims that this would constitute over 60% of development cost pointing out at Amsterdam where this was at 80% with only 10% going to fiber. Therefore, it becomes more economical to plan and install mo re fiber than the current demand so as to give allowance for future expansion and security in case any cable fails (Lovink, 230). In the US, local exchange carriers avoided selling dark fiber to the end users fearing that it would eat into their other lucrative services. It was a requirement that they sell this

Digital Marketing and Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Digital Marketing and Communications - Essay Example There may also be more financial capital invested into the physical distribution process in order to ensure that convenience is injected into the consumer decision-making process as a criterion for making future purchases. Digital marketing, however, makes use of technologies in order to maximise the return on investment for marketing activities. For example, online blogs, video streaming, text messaging on wireless devices, email and instant messaging provide new opportunities for marketers to reach their customers and build a solid brand personality (Reitzin 2007). Digital marketing makes effective use of a variety of electronic devices so as to better engage with important and profitable stakeholders in society. Websites, social networks and various mobile apps are yet three more examples of what constitutes digital marketing. Even though digital marketing differs from traditional marketing, there are some similarities as well. There must be focus placed on understanding the consu mer decision-making processes using various models of consumer behaviour, recognising the importance of the traditional 4Ps of the marketing mix, and acquiring valuable demographic data in order to properly target the most viable consumer segments. This report evaluates the role of information in helping to develop an online marketing strategy, discusses how competitive advantage is achieved through digital marketing objectives, and how digital marketing can better manage consumer behaviour processes in the online environment. Importance of online information In the digital marketing process, having access to online information is critical to building an effective marketing strategy that will bring significant return on investment for marketing. Online information provides a metric by which success in marketing can be measured or whether the marketer has failed in achieving objectives. Such metrics are referred to as key performance indicators which serve as an empirical medium to m easure marketing effectiveness (Stokes 2012). Quite often, marketers utilise websites as a means of engaging with consumer segments, offering opportunities to sign up to receive future offers and promotions or stay in contact with changes or innovations associated with a product or service. This creates electronically-stored data on customer demographics, including such characteristics as age, geographic location, or even income levels. This information, stored in the company’s server, with assistance from appropriate digital software, allows the company to segment their consumers more effectively, locate correlations to similar customer demographics, and thereby be able to better target consumers most likely to make future purchases in the online environment. Metrics are highly critical to digital marketers as it provides the foundation of knowledge about what types of consumers are actively seeking engagement with the company. Once this is understood, a business can create specialised offers or promotions that will best satisfy specific demographic groups. Some companies also utilise web-based surveys, research instruments online that allow a business to understand, in real-time, what consumers value and perceive about a particular product or service brand. Web-based surveys are being utilised in much higher volume today in order to improve the value-added

Joint Functions Course of Action and Sketch Coursework

Joint Functions Course of Action and Sketch - Coursework Example The operation occurs in NATO nations and allied forces (Elsner, Hanappi & Hanappi 12). Strategic significance It is a necessity for law and order. During wartime, it is indispensable for offences such as treason, betrayal and defection to be punished by death. It is for the greater good of both the country and the army in terms of security. In executing, say, a traitor, it will help in terminating further leakage of strategic and crucial military secrets that in failing to stop them, will jeopardize the security status of the country. Therefore, the death sentence is the only foul- proof means to put an end to these heinous crimes. There comes a time when logic is beaten by necessity, and necessity being the best solution to the incumbent problem. Therefore, the United States of America’s constitution has recognized these times and put the death sentence in place to cater for it. Thus, the death penalty is in place due to this necessity (Elsner, Hanappi & Hanappi 14). Goals an d objectives The policy of the United States aims in promoting a regional stability and to ensure that the available resources are safe for the citizens and allies. The main objective is to coordinate and maintain an effective mechanism to deter the enemies through a counter defense mechanism. The policy intends to deny the enemy access to the regional communication and resources. The aim is to design a system that improves regional stability, deter ear, and demonstrate the commitment levels to the region. Once the government of the United States has established a combat power to generate an adequate defense strategy, an implementation is carried out to counter attack and restore peace in its territory (Elsner, Hanappi & Hanappi 18). Purpose The concept plan gives an idea of deployment and employment of the war forces in an counter force. The civil war was a fight to keep the union of the United States of America. Conflicting opinions arose due to the federal government on the conce pt of the constitution. A rift between the handling of governments run by the federal and executive governments created the civil war. A union meant that the two run under one constitution. The war continued for four year. The division between the north and south conflicted against the election of Abraham Lincoln. The northern state was free while the southern state comprised of slaves. The union formed from eleven southern states lead to a disagreement after Lincoln declared the acts illegal. The sketch of the command structure The responsibilities of the tactics The fight over power paints a different picture if pasted in today’s happening. The reaction is the same only that people do not go into a civil war. The war experienced today involves individuals withholding necessary resources until certain regions accept the given ruling. The civil war began after the battle of Bull Run in 1861. The war showed signs of lasting for years. The states experienced huge battles in the states in America. The central reason behind the war was slavery, but until the Battle of Antietam in 1862 is when the slavery issue subsided. The slaves finally gained their freedom after the war during the thirteenth amendment. Expectations of the law The war started the poor economic circle that we experience today. For the northern part of America, they experienced a boon while for the south it was an economic disaster. The civil war created not time for business

Physical Activity intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Physical Activity intervention - Essay Example A search of the references used in related studies shall also be conducted in order to consider related studies. Related studies shall then be set aside and critically assessed based on relevance in this study. In a paper by Nelson, et.al., (2010), the authors sought to come up with recommendations on the various kinds and amounts of physical activity required in order to improve and maintain the health of older adults. The study covered respondents who were skilled in public health, behavioral science, epidemiology, exercise science, and gerontology (Nelson, et.al., 2010). The authors reviewed evidence from various articles and came up with recommendations from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association in order to structure a final recommendation for physical activity among older adults. After reviewing evidence from the ACSM and the AHA, the authors came up with their recommendations for older adults, including: recommended intensity of physical activity based on older adult’s fitness; recommended activities are those which maintain or increase flexibility; and activities which improve balance are also recommended (Nelson, et.al., 2010). The author s also recommended that an activity plan which integrates preventive and therapeutic recommendations should also be conceptualized. In effect, physical activity for adults is recommended to focus on moderate intensity aerobic activity, muscle strengthening activities; and activities which minimize sedentary habits and those which reduce risk for falls and injuries (Nelson, et.al., 2010). Based on the ACSM, (1998) the combined frequency, intensity, and duration of chronic exercise can effectively create a training effect. These factors all contribute to the overload stimulus and the lower the stimulus, the lower the training impact, and the higher the stimulus, the higher the training impact (Pollock,

Nokia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nokia - Case Study Example The commerce groups are Mobile Phones, Multimedia, Enterprise Solutions and Networks. The straight groups are Customer and Marketing Operations and Technology Platforms. The Nokia mobiles are intended to tender a wide variety of business users elastic access to Oracle Collaboration Suite, via text message, browser, or over-the-air harmonization of calendar and speak to in rank. The effect is endeavor mobility that is both influential and reasonable, enabling IT departments to offer omnipresent admittance to in sequence athwart their organization In current years supply chain management (SCM) has received a huge deal of trade press and academic concentration. For numerous chief executive officers (CEO) the time has come to shift notice to their supply base and hug the principles of SCM. The resource-based approach to planned management suggests that spirited advantage can be found in the varied resources and ability a firm controls. Resources that are valuable, rare, hard to duplicate, and can be browbeaten by the organization can create sustained competitive benefit and earn over standard financial performance. Numerous management specialists propose that companies that learn to get bigger their organizational supply chain management will have a spirited advantage. These learn looks at the conquest that Nokia has had in organization supply chain in Turkey (Bashein, B. J., 2004, 7-13). In a globe where products are copie... For this reason, there is a brawny link amongst how firms manage their people and the financial results achieved. Results from studies of five year staying power rates of initial public offerings; studies of output and stock price in large samples of corporation from manifold industries; and thorough research on auto, clothing, and other industries shows that substantial gains of about 40% can be obtained by implementing high performance management practices. An additional purpose of this paper is to increase about to happen into supply chain ability and the factors that get better its growth. If members of a supply chain are to flourish together they must admit that a learning environment improves the overall efficiency of the supply chain as well as the aptitude of the entity members (Stump, R. L., 2001, 29-48). One significant management practice for lots of companies is the association that they have by means of their suppliers. Supply chain partnerships are relationships flanked by two or more self-governing entities in a supply chain to achieve exact objectives. Basically, these partnerships are usually created to add to the financial and operational presentation of every channel. These objectives are talented from side to side reductions in total costs, reductions in inventories, and greater than before levels of shared information. Over a period of time these partnerships can develop and lead to better service, technological novelty, and product design. Strategic Management Including Mission With leadership comes enormous liability. As the primary company in our industry, Nokia also strives to be a leader in environmental routine. Upcoming generations are relying on us to shelter and conserve the usual environment (Antonelli, C. (2005). Usually, they

Perinatal Challenges Essay Example for Free

Perinatal Challenges Essay Perinatal challenges during pregnancy and birth are associated with different varieties of diseases and complications, such as gestational diabetes and shoulder dystocia during birth. According to Gullotta, Adams and Ramos (2006), perinatal period commences during the 22nd week of gestation or after 154 gestational days (p. 392). During this stage, perinatal environment is exposed to different bodily changes associated to the bodily responses of the mother towards pregnancy. According to Ben-Haroush, Yogev and Hod (2003), gestational diabetes often progresses during perinatal periods wherein metabolic absorption of carbohydrates becomes impaired possibly due to insufficiency in insulin production, metabolic impairments associated to receptor malformations, and release of anti-insulin hormones (e. g. human placental lactogen, etc. ). As supported by Callahan and Caughey (2006), progressive occurrence of gestational diabetes may result to different complications during child birth, such as macrosomia, shoulder dystocia and neonatal hypoglycemia (p. 1). Specifically, shoulder dystocia is one of the most common complications associated with gestational diabetes. This is usually identified in cases wherein the mother encounters difficulty of childbirth due to problematic passing of the infant’s anterior shoulder (Gullotta, Adams and Ramos, 2006 p. 392). Shoulder dystocia and gestational diabetes are linked problems during pregnancy. As supported by Queenan, Spong and Lockwood (2007), perinatal occurrence of diabetes usually ends up in problematic infant’s size proportion, which eventually displaces the infant’s body parts in inappropriate positions during childbirth resulting to the difficulty of delivery (p. 179). Gestational diabetes is regarded as a prominent mortality contributor especially during perinatal periods wherein the development of the child is greatly compromised due to the metabolic impairments of the mother. According to Zazworksky, Bolin and Gaubeca (2006), â€Å"perinatal mortality, consisting of both fetal and neonatal deaths, is probably directly related to metabolic derangement in diabetic pregnancies† (p. 192). Perinatal stage of pregnancy, as with other periods of pregnancy, largely depends on the occurring environment inside of the mother. If the maternal metabolic glucose absorption and insulin levels are compromised, the infant’s development is therefore at risked of developing different complications associated to such condition. According to Hod, Javanovic and Di Renzo et al. 2003), gestational diabetes occurring during perinatal period results to four-fold higher mortality rates compared to those non-diabetic pregnancies (p. 431). Pregnancy complications resulting from progressive perinatal diabetes are the most difficult scenarios to deal with. Macrosomic or those proportionately enlarged infants are main problem caused by gestational diabetes. As supported by Goroll, Mulley and Mulley, Jr. (2006), gestational diabetes and the incidence of macrosomic delivery trigger increased risk for serious traumatic childbirth and the need for extensive cesarean section (p. 81). Traumatic complication of macrosomia induced by gestational diabetes is shoulder dystocia, which greatly increases the likelihood of cesarean section and birth trauma for normal section (Hod, Javanovic and Di Renzo et al. , 2003 p. 431). In this study, the emphasis mainly involve (a) the perinatal challenges brought by gestational diabetes and (b) the complications of child birth resulted by shoulder dystocia as a complication of gestational diabetes. Discussion Formally, the perinatal period commences after 22 completed gestation weeks and ends a fter seven days of post-delivery. Perinatal challenges in pregnancy involve different bodily conditions that can be life-threatening to both mother and the infant. World Health Organization defines perinatal period as the â€Å"period of prenatal existence after viability of the fetus is reached, the duration of labor, and the early part of extra-uterine life† (cited in Siegel, Swanson and Shyrock, 2004 p. 354). According to DeCherney and Goodwin (2007), life threatening complications of pregnancy are usually greatest during the perinatal period than any other stages of pregnancy due to variety of mortality causes (p. 188-189). As supported by Herbert (2003), the last three months of fetal life in the womb are considered the most vital stage of pregnancy due to the heightened sensitivity of the baby to the environmental health inside the mother (p. 44). One of the most common challenges faced during this period of conception is the metabolic disorder exclusive during pregnancy – gestational diabetes. The metabolic disorder during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, is an exclusive condition associated to impaired glucose absorption brought by the insufficiency of systemic insulin levels of the body (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). Physical challenges and threats brought by gestational diabetes during perinatal period undeniably life-threatening and vital to the survival of both mother and child. According to Queenan, Spong and Lockwood (2007), gestational diabetes is considered a warning sign of gestation-induced insulin resistance (p. 179). Gestational diabetes is usually detectable on the early or latter weeks of perinatal period, which is approximately 24 weeks of gestation (Dudek, 2006 p. 290). The incidence and prevalence of gestational diabetes during the perinatal periods are statistically more pronounced compared to other periods of conception. According to Porth (2005), gestational diabetes occurs up to 14% of all pregnancies depending on the population and diagnostic procedures utilized (p. 998). As claimed by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2007), gestational diabetes occurs among the approximately 3% to 8% of females not previously diagnosed with diabetes. Added by the public organization Diabetes Australia (2004), incidences of gestational diabetes occurs more predominantly among (higher than 20%) aboriginal women compared to other ethnic diversities. Etiologies attributed to the increasing incidence of gestational diabetes are still unknown due to the unproven etiological propositions of gestational diabetes. However, different studies (Buchanan and Xiang, 2005; Langer, Yogev, and Most et al. , 2005; Rosenberg, Garbers and Chavkin et al. , 2003) have proposed their hypothetical explanation to the etiological nature of gestational diabetes itself. The first theory proposed by Buchanan and Xiang (2005) is associated with the genetic nature of the mother predisposing to her to gestational diabetes. As supported by Porth (2005), gestation diabetes is more prominent among mothers who have history of glucose intolerance or metabolic problems related to glucose absorption (p. 988). In the study of Buchanan and Xiang (2005), gestational diabetes is claimed to be the end-product of monogenic dysfunction of B-cells. Mutations in the mitochondrial DNA of beta cells trigger the autosomal mutations eventually causing beta cell dysfunction. Meanwhile, according to the study of Rosenberg, Garbers and Chavkin et al. (2003), gestational diabetes is triggered by lifestyle practices prior and during pregnancy. In the study, a total of 63. % of the total women in the heaviest group (weight: 300 lbs or 136 kg) have had incidence of gestational diabetes and other complications during pregnancy compared to the women whose weight range between 200 to 299 pounds (49. 8%). According to Callahan and Caughey (2006), another hypothetical explanation to the etiology of this condition is the release of placental hormone, specifically known as the human placental lactogen (a. k. a human chorionic somatomammotropin), which acts as an anti-insulin substances increasing the insulin resistance and generalized carbohydrate intolerance of the mother systemically (p. 05). Added by LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky (2003), beta cells secretion of insulin is incapable of fully compensating the increasing bodily requisites of both infant and mother; hence, glucose intolerance results (p. 1295). If this glucose malabsorption continues, the mother’s body encounter severe rise of sugar levels inducing gestational diabetes, while the infant is considered at risk of experiencing hypoglycemia due to insufficient levels of insulin used for glucose absorption (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). As supported by Porth (2006), gestational diabetes is more prominent during 24th up to 28th week of gestation, which is actually the perinatal period (p. 988). Compared to the normal pregnancy, mothers with gestational diabetes manifest decreased secretory activity, compromised insulin response per unit of glycemic stimulation and absence of insulin progressiveness (LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky, 2003 p. 1295). Potential risks involved in gestational diabetes are the complications that may arise during perinatal periods. Continuous occurrence of gestational diabetes also predisposes potential problems during child delivery or the last seven days of perinatal period. According to Brown, Isaacs and Krinke et al. (2005), potential outcomes of gestational diabetes during perinatal period leads to the surge of insulin levels within the uterine environment, which eventually increases glucose reuptake of fetal cells converting them to triglycerides (p. 127). In such conditions, the infant develops dramatic fat deposits with increased body frame size and weight compared to the normal infant (4500 grams). As supported by Wehren and Marks (2004), the rise of blood glucose in the mother’s internal environment also increases the blood glucose levels circulating within the infant, which consequently places the child under the circumstance of neonatal hyperglycemia (p. 209). Aside from neonatal hyperglycemia, biochemical risks brought by gestational diabetes also include hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia and polycythemia (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 05). LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky (2003) claim the frequency of acquiring gestational diabetes increases with progressive age and BMI conditions (p. 1295). Meanwhile, complications that may occur on the infant involve stillbirth risk, spontaneous abortion, macrosomia, neonatal hypo- and hyperglycemia, increased risk of developing insulin resistance and most commonly shoulder dystocia (Brown, Isaacs and Krinke et al. , 2005 p. 127). Treatment and diagnostic to the effects of gestational diabetes are crucial to the prevention and care of the pregnancy. Diagnostic procedures for gestational diabetes should be done at the end of the second trimester between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). Patients developing at least two associated risk factors should have their diagnostic screening at their first prenatal visit and during each subsequent trimester. Added by Joslin, Kahn and Weir et al. ), universal diagnostic procedure for gestational diabetes is also dependent on the series of identifiable factors, such as age of first pregnancy, body weight, history of abnormal glucose metabolism and racial or ethnic background, that place the mother in a series of more intensive tests (p. 1043). One example of these diagnostics involves a screening test consisting of 50g of glucose administration followed by glucose-plasma measurement one hour after the administration. If the results reveal 1-hour glucose level higher than 140 mg/dL, the implication is positive and the procedure called glucose tolerance testing is indeed necessary for the purpose of validation (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). If the mother’s glucose level reveals positive result during the 1-hour glucose test, the individual is referred for 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) in order to assess their carbohydrate metabolism levels (Hod, Jovanovic and Di Renzo et al. , 2003 p. 331). In this procedure, oral glucose of exactly 100 mg is given to the mother after the 8-hour fasting period preceded by a 3-day intensive carbohydrate diet. After the commencement of GTT, glucose is then measured three times every after an hour after the intake of dose. According to Hod, Jovanovic and Di Renzo et al. (2003), patients with plasma glucose of 126 mg/dl should have their blood glucose monitored for the next 24 to 38 weeks of pregnancy (p. 330). Added by Callahan and Caughey (2006), â€Å"if the fasting glucose or two or more of the postprandial values are elevated, a diagnosis of gestational diabetes is made† (p. 05). After the diagnosis, the mother is immediately placed under strict diabetic diet with 2200 calorie consumption a day including 200 to 220 g of carbohydrate serving per day (Zazworsky, Bolin and Gaubeca, 2006 p. 195). Diabetic diet is usually accompanied by recommended exercise in order to stimulate blood circulation. According to Callahan and Caughey ( 2006), if blood sugar values are already 25 to 30% elevated, insulin medications or oral hypoglycemic agents are usually administered (p. 106). With the continuous progression of gestational diabetes during the perinatal stage of pregnancy, another common perinatal challenge during childbirth is being predisposed shoulder dystocia. Maternal complications during continuous progression of gestational diabetes may also include increased risk of preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, maternal obesity, and the increased risk of developing Type II diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes for subsequent pregnancy (Brown, Isaacs and Krinke et al. 2005 p. 127). In fact, in the study of Langer, Yogev, and Most et al. (2005), pregnant mothers diagnosed with gestational diabetes (n=555) have experienced pregnancy and childbirth complications, specifically macrosomia and shoulder dystocia. The rates of complication are found higher (59%) among those untreated mothers, while a smaller number of complicated cases (18%) occurred among those treated pregnancies. Shoulder dystocia is considered as an obstetric emergency with a very unpredictable nature. Such complication can be identified once the fetal head has already been delivered. The midwife or attending physician might encounter difficulties in delivering the shoulders most commonly due to the impaction of the anterior shoulder behind the pubic symphysis (Callahan, Caughey and Heffner, 2004 p. 69). Despite of its unpredictable nature, shoulder dystocia has been associated to different pregnancy complications that are considered as its potential predisposing factors, such as macrosomia, gestational diabetes and maternal obesity. According to Simpson and Creehan (2007), gestational diabetes is the nearest related risk factor of shoulder dystocia due to the larger body frames and marked anthropometric differences in infants of diabetic mothers (p. 329). Despite the emergent and life-threatening character of shoulder dystocia, Reichman and Simon (2003), considers this as a rare obstetric complication with a varying incidence rate of 1% to 4% of cephalic spontaneous vaginal deliveries (p. 1043). As supported by Simpson and Creehan (2007), shoulder dystocia occurs more prominently among macrosomic infants with weights of 5,000 g with an incidence rate of 70% to 60%. In the retrospective study of Ouzounian and Gherman (2005), among the 267,228 vaginal births during the study period from January 1991 to June 2001, reported cases of shoulder dystocia are only 1,686 (n=0. 6% of the total 267,228 sample). Meanwhile, in the earlier studies conducted by Nasar, Usta and Khalil (2003), among the 189 recorded deliveries, there are only 13 cases complicated by shoulder dystocia. According to Reichman and Simon (2003), cases with complication of shoulder dystocia are usually diagnosed during the actual birth itself unless radiographic imagery reveal inappropriate fetal positioning while still inside the uterine environment (p. 1043). Despite the many efforts of predicting the incidence or occurrence of shoulder dystocia, modern obstetrics are only able to determine the potential risk factors associated to this birth complication. According to Callahan and Caughey (2006), majority of the identified risk factors of shoulder dystocia are related to gestational diabetes itself and the accompanied symptoms (e. g. maternal obesity, macrosomia, etc. ) of the metabolic impairment (p. 79). Other associated risk factors of shoulder dystocia are the number of previous pregnancy, history of shoulder dystocia, overweight status of the mother and during assisted vaginal deliveries (Grady, Howell and Grady et al. 2007 p. 221). Meanwhile, intrapartum labor induction and prolonged second-stage labor are also being proposed as potential risk factors of shoulder dystocia (Simpson and Creehan, 2007 p. 328). Nevertheless, these risk factors are also inaccurate basis for predicting shoulder dystocia; although, many reported cases of shoulder dystocia have manifested at least one of these reported risk components (Reichman and Simon, 2003 p. 1043).

Nelson Mandela’s Values Essay Example for Free

Nelson Mandela’s Values Essay It will be hard to believe if a person says â€Å"A man who served twenty seven years in prison, turned out to be one of the greatest presidents our world has seen†. Well this did actually happen and this former president is still living today. Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in Transkei, South Africa, he was a leader of the anti-apartheid movement in the 1940s. Mandela was jailed for 27 years for acts of sabotage against the South African state, and shortly after his release from prison he led a multi-racial party for the first time ever in South Africa’s history. By doing this he was elected as the first black/democratic president of South Africa. Throughout his years as a president he has been widely regarded as a symbol of global peacemaking, and he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. His birthday, July 18, has been declared Mandela Day; a global celebration of his legacy. Mandela reached this success and earned the title of a world renowned leader with his values in leadership, standing up for what he believed in, that is in democratic process and his strong disapproval of injustice. Nelson Mandela valued leadership since his early days, considered by many as a revolutionary leader; he helped organize the fight against racism and apartheid in South Africa. (Brink). Mandela witnessed leadership at a young age when observing his guardian supervising tribal decision-making gatherings. Mandela’s guardian listened in silence for days, never voicing his opinion even after everyone’s opinion was heard. After everyone had spoken, his guardian guided the group to reach a consensus. Later, Mandela used this experience to mold his leadership style (Stengel). According to Stengel, Mandela recalled the following lesson regarding leadership from when he was a young cattle herder: When you want to get a herd to move in a certain direction, he said, you stand at the back with a stick. Then a few of the more energetic cattle move to the front and the rest of the cattle follow. You are really guiding them from behind. He paused before saying with a smile, That is how a leader should do his work. Furthermore, Mandela’s strong value for leadership began with him displaying his ability to organize and lead others by helping to create the Youth League of African National Congress (ANCYL) which organized protests, boycotts, petitions, and strikes to end apartheid. Previously the African Nation Congress (ACN), ANCYL’s parent organization, had petitioned the government for years for  equality with little success. However, with increased success of the movement, the government increased violence toward nonviolent protesters and banned the ANC. Mandela and other leaders in the movement had to decide how to respond. In a risky decision, they concluded that nonviolence would no longer be effective and that the ANC needed to continue underground. These actions resulted in the imprisonment of Mandela and many ANC leaders, but this action helped to inspire others and to prepare the country for change (Nelson Mandela, African National Congress (ANC), and South Africa.).After more than twenty years in prison, Mandela decided it was time to take matters into his own hands. He realized that, as a leader, it was time to take a drastic step, and he met with the South African president in order to discuss his release and his desire to switch the nati on to a democracy. Mandela was successful, and upon his release he was elected the first democratic leader of South Africa (Brink). Mandela always stood up for what he believed in; he was never fazed by an opponent. Mandela’s value of believing in the democratic process is an example. Even though many did not always agree with this idea, he believed it was the right way forward (Johnson). He was at first unsuccessful with his pursuits, this included the time when he tried during his imprisonment to have prisoners to be addressed more respectfully by guards, and also later when he attempted to have the national voting age lowered to 14 (Stengel). But slowly he established his foundation of democracy and people were finally drawn to it (Stengel). Throughout his battle against apartheid and helping to bring democracy to South Africa, Mandela adopted a democratic leadership style (Johnson).And according to Johnson â€Å"Democratic leaders set policies through group discussion and decision, encourag ing and helping group members to interact, requesting the cooperation of others† and this was exactly what Mandela did (Johnson). Mandela’s other key value that supported his leadership and democratic style was his strong disapproval for injustice. Mandela never tolerated injustice; he believed that justice was the only path to success. For instance, when Mandela got to Robin Island where he was to be imprisoned, he was told to jog to the prison gate. He firmly refused and started a hunger strike with other inmates to condemn the condition they were living in. This worked out in their favor and the conditions improved (Hume). This example highlights Mandela’s value for denouncing injustice and  oppression. Nonetheless, Mandela believed Consensus to be the superior decision making process to build commitment and motivation in group members toward group objectives. Using Consensus meant that justice would be served at its best when making a decision and Mandela fully supported this process (Johnson). Ultimately, Nelson Mandela is viewed as a revolutionary leader for his ability to empower and motivate others using his strong regard for consensus and the democratic process. His stance for promoting justice and peace has been hailed across the world. He led South Africa from a white supremacist country to being the first democratic nation in Africa. With these values Nelson Mandela reached the ultimate success in the eyes of everyone. Work cited Brink, Andre. Nelson Mandela. Time. Time, 13 Apr. 1998. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C988171%2C00.html. Hume, Tim. Digital Mandela Archive Spreads Message of Social Justice. CNN. Cable News Network, 28 Mar. 2008. Web. 24 Nov. 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/28/world/africa/mandela-online-archive/index.html. Johnson, Caleb. â€Å"A Leader’s Nest† New York Times [New York] 1993: Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=Nonesort=RELEVANCEinPS=trueprodId=GVRLuserGroupName=kent208tabID=T003searchId=R5resultListType=RESULT_LISTcontentSegment=searchType=BasicSearchFormcurrentPosition=2contentSet=GALE%7CCX3490200977docId=GALE|CX3490200977docType=GALE. Nelson Mandela, African National Congress (ANC), and South Africa. Cold War Museum. The Cold War Museum, 17 May 2009. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. http://www.coldwar.org/articles/50s/CNelsonMandelaandSouthAfrica.asp. Stengel, Richard. Mandela: His 8 Lessons of Leadership. Time. Time, 09 July 2008. Web. 24 Nov. 2012. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1821659,00.html.

Material manufacturing and analysis of engine crankshaft

Material manufacturing and analysis of engine crankshaft The report outlines the detail of material and manufacturing process selection exercise carried out on a typical car engine camshaft. Camshaft being one of the most important engine components requires careful selection of material. Moreover, owing to its specialized operation, the required geometry is relatively complex and certain improvements in mechanical properties are required to be introduced during manufacturing. This calls for and rather complex manufacturing route to be followed. The report initially mentions the operation of the component and describes its required characteristics. The material and manufacturing process selection is then carried out based on the intended use. A detailed description is provided in the end about the selected manufacturing route. INTRODUCTION The crankshaft is the part of an engine which converts reciprocating motion of the pistons into a rotary motion. The rotary motion has the advantage that it can be used rotate the wheel of the car. Crankshaft is an essential component in reciprocating engines because, rotary motion is simpler to mobilize the vehicle in which reciprocating engines is installed. Crankshafts are equipped with crankpins and additional bearing surfaces. The axis of bearing surfaces is offset from the crank. During operation, crankshafts are subjected to following mechanical stresses: Bending stresses due to up and down movement of pistons. Torsion stresses due to rotation of crankshaft and transmission of force to drive train, which subsequently transmit motion to various services. Owing to reciprocating motion of the pistons, bending forces on crankshaft are always cyclic in nature. Therefore, the stress behavior is further complicated due to constant fatigue factor hence necessitating higher fatigue resistance in the component. Friction of bearing surfaces is also important during the operation. The piston arms have to slide past the crankshaft surface. Therefore roller bearings are equipped between the sliding surfaces. However, as rpm of a typical engine reaches 4000-5000 during normal operation, an efficient lubrication is extremely essential for bearing. The crankshaft therefore contains holes for lubrication system. Operating temperature inside the engine is extremely high. Therefore, the material should be such that it retains required mechanical properties at elevated temperature. In order to suppress pulsating behavior of reciprocating engines, crankshafts generally connect to flywheel. In certain cases, a vibration damper is also installed at the opposite end to reduce vibration. Figure No 1: Engine Crankshaft Along with Connected Parts The analysis presented in this report focuses on crankshaft manufacturing which is feasible for large scale manufacturing. Figure No 2: CAD Drawing of the Camshaft MATERIAL SELECTION Based on the stress imposed on the component during the operation, operating temperatures and intended operation, the material to be selected for this component should posses following characteristics: The material should be strong in bending It must have excellent fatigue resistance. The material should be light weight so that it has small value of moment of inertia and transmit motion more efficiently. It must have lesser coefficient of thermal expansion so that the component can retain its original dimension at varying temperatures. The material should be easily machineable so that it can take complex shape (as required for the geometry of crankshaft) easily and without developing unnecessary stresses. After carrying out an extensive research of materials, following materials were short listed for crankshaft: Aluminum Copper Steel Aluminum Aluminum is an excellent machineable metal. It is light weight and can take complex shapes easily. Moreover, it can absorb vibration very efficiently. However, the metal has lower modulus of elasticity and higher coefficient of thermal expansion. Therefore, it will be subjected to larger strains at higher stresses and high temperatures. Moreover, it does not possess good resistance to fatigue loads and corrosion. Copper Copper possess very good corrosion resistant properties. It is easily machineable and has high strength. Moreover, it can possess good surface finish which proves helpful in achieving reduced friction properties. However, the biggest disadvantage of copper is that it is no corrosion resistant. Corrosion rate is significantly higher at higher temperature. It is therefore, not considered suitable for the intended use. Steel Steel is another option to be used as a material for camshaft. Steel is a better choice because, it possess excellent mechanical characteristics which suits best with the operational requirements of engine camshaft. It has the highest modulus of elasticity. It is tough, strong, easily available, cheap and it has very less coefficient of thermal expansion which makes it best suited for high temperature operation. However, steel itself has a large number of variants which posses large range of properties. Therefore, selection of most appropriate type of steel is also very important. An option for crankshaft material is carbon steel. However, these steels require additional heat treatments to acquire required level of strength. Iron crankshaft is also an option. However, iron cannot take higher loads therefore, iron crankshafts are suitable for low output engines where stresses are lower. They have the advantage of being low cost. In fact, the most widely used material for crankshaft worldwide is Vanadium Microalloyed steel. It has following advantages: Vanadium Microalloyed steel can be air cooled after reaching high strengths without further heat treatment. However, surface hardening is required for the bearing surfaces. Low alloy content also makes the material cheaper than high alloy steels. MANUFACTURING ROUTE SELECTION Crankshafts can be manufactured using following methods: Machining Forging and casting These processes are discussed separately in the lines below. Machining Process Machining is yet another process which can be used to manufacture crankshafts. Crankshafts can be machined out of a billet, often using a bar of high quality vacuum re-melted steel. Machining process has following advantages: Higher quality of steels, which cannot be forged can be used through machining process. No expensive tooling is required for machining process. Extremely high quality crankshafts can be manufactured. However, machining process also has following disadvantages: It is a highly expensive process because; it generally uses high quality material. Moreover, a significant quantity of material is also wasted during machining process. Additional heat treatments are required to get required material properties. Forging and Casting Process Forging is the most widely used process for manufacturing crankshafts today. It is due to the following reasons: The component has lighter weight The forged shafts have better damping characteristics More compact dimensions can be achieved The camshaft is a complex component. Therefore, it is not feasible to manufacture the complete component using a single process. Instead, the manufacturing process comprises of multiple steps encompassing various machining, milling, forging and heat treatment operations. The details are outlined in the next section. DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING ROUTE Following is the detailed outline of manufacturing process selected for the camshaft: The raw steel are required for a diameter range from 2.125 to 2.5 and 20ft in length (Figure No 1 in Appendix A). The raw steel bars are then turned on a lathe to remove the rough surface and then cut into the proper lengths depending on the engine size (Figure No 2 in Appendix A). Subsequently, the steel begins the process of becoming a camshaft as both the journals and lobes are cut and evenly spaced out. The Camshafts are then stack up and are prepared for the copper plating (Figure No 3 in Appendix A). The copper plating is done to keep the steel from becoming brittle and helps straighten the camshaft after the heat treating process. Once the copper is applied, the journals are lathe down to the thickness that is needed (Figure No 4 in Appendix A). The surfaces are then finished. Next, a special lobe milling machine is used to create the lift for the cam. These CNC machines use computerize programs that allow the manufacture to create the desired lobe and are precise at 0.0001 of an inch (Figure No 5 in Appendix A). Once the cams are roughly cut, they are placed in a furnace for heat treating. This process hardens the steel making the cam less likely to warp or snap when put under the stress of an engine. After the heat treating, the journals go through their final grounding stage and are milled to the correct dimensions (Figure No 6 in Appendix A). Following the journals are the lobes. They are grounded and polished to provide a smooth surface which reduces friction in the engine, freeing up horsepower. The last process uses a computerized scanner that checks the tolerances on the cams. Making sure that every lobe and journal are exactly the same.

The Impact on America of Turkish, Greek and Italian Immigrants and Thei

The Impact on America of Turkish, Greek and Italian Immigrants and Their Respective Cultures My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Godfather, The Italian Job, Roberto Benigni, Mario Andretti, Frank Capra, spaghetti, gelato, Turkish baths.? What do all of these have in common All of them are well known parts of American culture, yet they have all been influenced and inspired by Italian, Greek, and Turkish immigrants and their respective cultures.? Because America is a melting pot of cultures, it is understandable that each participating culture brings its own unique flavor to the mix.? Three of the most evident portions of American society, entertainment, food, and religion are also probably the three portions most affected by the infusion of new immigrants and culture.? This influence is especially evident when the immigrants concerned hail from the countries of Turkey, Italy, and Greece.? Their impact is wide reaching and long-lasting. My Big Fat Greek Wedding was the fifth highest grossing movie in the US in 2002, and is the highest grossing independent movie ever.? The only movies that brought in more money were all special effects intensive such as Spider-Man, The Lord of The Rings:? The Two Towers, and Star Wars:? Episode Two.? My Big Fat Greek Wedding instead focused on the simple story of a Greek woman falling in love with a non-Greek man and the way in which they attempt to blend their very different backgrounds.? Nia Vardalos, the writer and star of the movie, is the descendent of Greek immigrants and clearly applied her own cultural background and experience to the movie. Audiences learned how most Greek children in America attend Greek school, Greek families are very close, and that there is an expectation f... ... immigrants as well as subsequent generations.? The traditions of various cultures, especially Italian, Greek, and Turkish cultures are evident in the history of the American movie.? Our diet is also largely comprised of ethnic foods, particularly Italian.? The various places of worship available to parishioners also exemplify the impact of immigrants.? Without the countless interactions between varying cultures, America would not be the multi-faceted country that it is.? America truly is a melting pot of countries, and as each of these countries continue to contribute aspects of their culture, the diversity and uniqueness of America will continue to increase. Works Cited: http://www.immigrationforum.org/pubs/articles/immigrantsinnews2001.htm http://www.imdb.com http://www.turkish-delight.com/ Buscaglia, Leo. Papa, My Father. New Jersey: SLACK, 1989.

Sentimental and Humorous Speech by the Father of the Bride

Sentimental and Humorous Speech by the Father of the Bride Ladies and gentlemen, it is my very pleasant duty to welcome you here this evening to this special occasion of celebrating this marriage. I'm sure that you will all agree on how radiant and gorgeous the bride is. However the groom is not too bad himself. I know that some of you have traveled quite a distance to be with us here tonight, from both overseas and interstate. We really thank you and welcome you here tonight and hope that you really do enjoy yourselves accordingly. We are all very sad that the bride's grandfather is not here with us tonight. We all miss him, but I?m sure he is "watching down on us and is very proud and happy for her.? When they stood at the altar earlier today and she spoke those magic words ?I do?, I had cause to reflect that it's one of the few times in her life she's agreed to do something without question. Don't get me wrong, my daughter was wonderful and obedient as a child - with a bit of prompting. As a child she was full of life, effervescence, fun and joy and was just so bubbly she made friends with everyone. During her teen years, both at school and at University, she had a wonderful time, being the first person to gain the distinction of getting her degree with no study at all. However she worked hard for her degree, and we congratulate her for it. Then her Thespian Knight in Shining Armor in the form of the groom came along. I didn't doubt her choice at all, as Victor Hugo once said, "Men have sight, women have insight.? Now the groom is a very good actor, but with a somewhat "Puckish" sense of humor. At first we thought him a little shy, retiring and rather reluctant to talk with us, but we were victims of... ... bride she is, and the sight of them coming together as such a lovely couple makes the hard work and planning that has gone into this day worthwhile. As I say this, I see that my daughter has grown up, left home, and is now married. When I look back over the years, I realize how little time you really do have with your children..A philosopher once said: ''Treasure the love you receive above all. It will survive long after your gold and good health have gone.? We wish you all the happiness and prosperity in the world, and I am glad to welcome the groom and his family into our family. In conclusion, I hope that none of you will go home thinking the words of Groucho Marks: "I've had a wonderful time, but this wasn't it." And so I would now ask you to raise your glasses and join me in a toast to the future health and happiness of the union of the bride and groom.

How Natural Processes Operate at Coastal Geographic Environment Essay

How Natural Processes Operate at Coastal Geographic Environment Natural Processes are actions or events that have natural causes, which result in natural events. The three main coastal environment processes that operate at Muriwai are Coastal Erosion, Coastal Transportation and Coastal Deposition. The elements that interact to produce natural processes are wind, waves and tides. Each phenomenon at Muriwai's coastal geographic environment has been produced by interaction. Coastal Erosion is a process at Muriwai that gradually wears away the rock particles of the earth's surface, transporting them to another location. There are many types of processes that cause erosion at Muriwai such as wave erosion, wind erosion and wave refraction. Thousands of years ago when sea levels dropped over years at the Southern end of Muriwai, the sedimentary rock and sandstone was exposed to the air. Rock from volcanic activity mixed with the sedimentary rock; this is called Breccia -- a mixture of all rock. An example of this is at Maori Bay. Coastal Erosion operates at different rates and different times. Limestone rock is eroded slower than sedimentary rock. The cliff at Muriwai made of sedimentary rock was eroded back to expose 'Fisherman's Rock' - the shore platform which, made of limestone -- tended to erode back slower than the cliff. The types of wave erosion that caused this are - Hydraulic Action, when waves hit the cliff, air is forced into cracks, and then as the wave retreats this air expands explosively. Over time the cracks enlarge, weakening the base of the cliff causing erosion. Attrition is the breakdown of rock particles when they hit Otakamiro point and each other causing the base of the headland to erode. Chemical Erosion/Corrosion occurs due to the content of limestone in the rockface of Otakamiro point. The seawater combined with the limestone produces a weak chemical solution, which erodes the base of the cliff and produces a pitted effect. Chemical Weathering is when water weakens the structure of the rock and Mechanical Weathering is where water seeps into the rock face causing fragments of rock to break off. These types of erosion have caused the formation of several phenomena at Muriwai. Motutara Island (stack) was produced by the formation of two caves on either side of the headland -- forming an arch and the roof slowly erodin... ...ll build up the dunes and travel inland. Surface Creep occurs when landing sand particles remove the larger and heavier particles, pushing them forward. Suspension is the picking up of sand by wind. This is when sand is airborne and then deposited anywhere. Coastal Deposition is the third main natural process occurring at Muriwai's coastal geographic environment. It is the process of sediment being deposited to form natural features. This is when the rock fragments from Otakamiro Headland are ripped away by waves, broken down by attrition and transported along the coast where they are deposited as beaches and sand dunes. The movement of the material is called Longshore Drift; the direction of the deposit depends on the direction of the winds. Titomagnetite sand (black sand) was deposited at Muriwai when it was bought from the south by Longshore Drift. Coastal Erosion, Coastal Transportation and Coastal Deposition are natural processes that have occurred at Muriwai's coastal geographic environment. These processes outlined have formed such phenomena as Motutara Island (stack), Otakamiro Point (headland/cliff), Fisherman's Rock (shore-platform), cave and the blowhole.