A Tale of Two Cities Character Carton Analysis Essay Example for Free

A Tale of Two Cities Character cartonful Analysis EssayIn the novel, A Tale of Two Cities, Sydney cartons character went through a series of decisions that affected the outcome of the novel. Sydney Carton looks almost looks exactly the same as Charles Darnay, but the main difference, was that Darnay was sober a majority of the time, and he cared and worked for his life. Lucie, the love of Cartons life, had fallen in love with Darnay. After Carton realized that Lucie would have picked him if he hadnt been so slavish and drunk a majority of the time, he decided to change. He knew he had already lost Lucie, but he thought that maybe he could still use the rest of his life for the better. His decision to change was not state out right, but the events in the novel, led the reader to the conclusion, that he moody around his life for Lucie.At the beginning of the novel, when Carton is first introduced, he is sitting in the courtroom staring at the ceiling. The author made it look li ke Carton did not care what was going on in the courtroom, but subsequently the reader discovers that Carton was listening to the case the entire time. Carton had heard a flaw in the prosecutors plan, and he gave a note to Stryver, resulting in an acquittal, which Stryver had received full credit. As the reader continues reading, it is later discovered that Carton is the hand guiding Stryver, while Stryver is just the image. Carton never did anything for himself because he was too busy helping others. Later in the novel, Carton planned an almost full proof plan to help Charles Darnay. Even though he had made the decision to change, and think out a plan, he never lost the characteristic of putting others before himself. Although he took the place of the Darnay, before his death, he took it for Lucie.As Cartons character is slowly unfolded passim the second book, the reader can conclude that Carton dislikes Darnay. Carton dislikes Darnay, because Darnay is the constant reminder to C arton of what he could have been like, if he had not made dreadful choices in law school and made good choices in general. Whenever Carton came over to the Manettes home, and was in the presence of Darnay, he was even more chill out then usual. However, when he decided to turn his life around, he buried his hatred for Darnay, and treated him with respect. Even with this decision, carton could not have Lucie, but she genuine him as part of her own family, and he was content with that. At the end of the novel, Carton takes time to plan out a five-step plan to save Darnay, and ends up sacrificing himself for a man he use to hate.Part of Cartons old personality, was that he always wore his emotions on his sleeve. He thought he was unimportant and he lacked self-esteem. This was shown throughout the beginning of the book, for he was a drunk resembling his worthless life. He didnt speak in the conversation unless it was a topic that he truly cared for. Right before his change, he pro fessed his love to Lucie. After his change, he learned to hide his emotions. Although he may not like Darnay, he unplowed those feelings to himself. He stayed mysterious in Book III, in order for his plan to be successful and his appearance to be surprising.The character, Sydney Carton, was given a second knock as their life was resurrected. Lucie Manette is responsible for the resurrection of Sydney Carton, for she was the inspiration that got Sydney Carton off his feet. Carton twice saves Charles Darnay even though he disliked him. Carton described himself as a wasted creature but Lucy explained that she had faith in him and that he was capable of doing better things. He ended up promising that he would do anything for her, sacrificing his life for Charles Darnay. By hiding his emotions, he was able to carry out a plan without anyone attempting to stop him. Carton strived to become a better person and change his life around because Lucie believed in him. Because of the change in Carton, Darnays life is spared and Carton dies with dignity, knowing his life was not a waste.

Abusive child labor in China Essay Example for Free

Abusive child labor in China Essay unsandeds correspondent David Barbosa of the New York clock Magazine has published an article on May 1st 2008, entitled China Says Abusive Child Labor Ring Is Exposed. In his news article, Barbosa uncovered more in-depth analysis surrounding the incident of child labor in China, in which according to him acknowledges child labor abuse at the heart of Chinas export economy.This paper will discuss Barbosas finding on the plight of Chinese children amidst extensive economic take. phrase SummaryWho was involved?Based on Barbosas news article, child labor ranges from the eld of 13 to 15 which occupy been deceived and possibly kidnapped by a child trafficking syndicate then sold to employment agencies. To cite, the series of crackdown by Chinese authorities has found rampant child labor employment from western sandwich Sichuan Province of Liangshan that supplies the children to factories in Guangdong, wherein forced labor engages about 300 workin g hours monthly (Barbosa, 2008).Result of the crackdownThe summary of result on crackdown of child labor go has prompted the Chinese authorities to enacting more enforcement, which according to Barbosa has put China in significant scandal and embarrassment aside from the political issue with Tibet who rejects Chinas abundant preparation to the forthcoming Olympic Games.With the incoming Olympic event, Chinese authorities has doubled its efforts in enforcing the strictest possible campaign against child labor traffickers, wherein the April 30th 2008 crackdown to divers(a) legal and most specifically illegal employment agencies or simply child traffickers have been arrested and initially rescued about 100 children-laborers from Dongguan City where major electronic manufacturing firms are located.Behind child labor issue According to Barbosa, child labor and abuses depicts Chinas scarcity of laborers as a result of go up inflationary rates and foreign currency devaluation that decr eases profitability of both small and medium manufacturers that resorted to move quickly in the edge of competitive manufacturing and mass production that involve cheap labor of children and adult laborers of both men and women, wherein the Chinese labor law has even reduced the legal age requirement from the age of 16.Barbosa insinuated that may be the political issue involving Tibets rejection and defiance to holding the Olympic Games in China may have attributed to the seeming crackdown of human trafficking for cheap labor, in general. As cited, the earlier cases of child labor and human trafficking incidents could have been picking up loose response of enforcement, apparently becoming stiff and tight on the current dates.The critical issue behind the rampant child labor and human trafficking in China espouses the fact of looming poverty incidence in Confederate and Western localities of China wherein continuing increase of production and raw materials costs are insignificant to cost-cutting measures. To cite, even the renowned transnational Wal-Mart company have been aerated with child labor, wherein similarly other foreign firms in China were illicitly engaging.In related child labor issue, Barbosa pointed out the observation of Professor Hu Xingdou from capital of Red China Institute of Technology who quoted that Chinas economy is developing at a fascinating speed, but often at the expense of laws, human rights and environmental protection. Further to cite, local government encourages incentives to grow their economy and thereby encouraging participation of cheap labor forces that includes children.Postscript in the reportJournalists have jointly advocated pursuing the progress of Chinese authorities campaign against child labor and human trafficking. According to Barbosa, the Southern Metropolis newspaper (in Beijing, China) conducts fact-finding thrill in Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province wherein indigenous families resides and being targeted by child labor recruiters.Barbosa stressed that journalist may access and could uncover the truth brought about by the scandal of child labor and abuse. As quoted by Barbosa journalists could discover the facts by secret interviews in a few days, since how could the labor departments show no pastime in it and ignore it for such a long time?ReferenceBarbosa, D. (2008). China Says Abusive Child Labor Ring Is Exposed. The New York Times (Asia Pacific) Electronic Magazine. Retrieved 08 May 2008 from http//www.nytimes.com/2008/05/01/world/asia/01china.html?pagewanted=1_r=1

Impacts Of Food Miles On Climate Change

Impacts Of Food Miles On Climate ChangeTodays nutriment is well travelled. A pack of green beans in an European supermarket may have journeyed 6000 air out miles, or 60. duration nourishment miles loom large in our carbon-aw are times, pleaseing it counts for little than you might think. This paper investigates the effectiveness of initiatives to reduce the number of victuals miles by their repair on modality change. The paper comes to the conclusion that provender miles, the duration that nutriment has travelled from farm to fork, indeed reduces the join of glasshouse accelerator released. However, this does non imply that less(prenominal) solid fodder miles are a more(prenominal) sustainable way of producing. Moreover, the excogitation might be a proficientification for protectionist purposes and has signifi adviset negative spot effects. inductionClimate change is one of the greatest environmental threats of our time. The cause of humor change is brinyly t he emission of greenhouse mess up as a issuing of human activity, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. A significant reduction of greenhouse particle accelerator emission is needed in order to the relieve the effects on the climate. To accomplish this, two international treaties have been adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and the Kyoto communications protocol in 1997. The countries that ratified the Kyoto protocol committed to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gas by a given percent compared to their emission level in 1990 (Pinkse and Kolk, 2009). To obtain this, the EU has set the following targets reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20%, improve energy efficiency by 20%, raise the cover of renewable energies to 20% and raise the share of bio-fuels in road transport to 10%. These targets should all be achieved by the year 2020 (Confederation of Food and Drink Industries, 2008). many industries have taken activiti es to cut energy use and emissions, in particular carbon dioxide (carbonic acid gas), due to stricter legislative requirements and rising energy prices.Also the nutrient application is actively taking part in reducing energy and emissions, especially carbon dioxide. Example of such(prenominal) activities are the investment in energy in effect(p) technologies, by voluntarily cutting energy use and flush by participating in national energy efficiency schemes (Confederation of Food and Drink Industries, 2008). In household consumption, forage has one of the highest impact on the environment. According to a pick out on the environmental impact of products, food and drinks cause 20 to 30% of the environmental impacts of private consumption (Tukker et al., 2006). In this study the food production and dispersion mountain chain has been fully analyzed and identifies products that are most greenhouse gas intensive. According to this study, meat, dairy, fats and oils are the most gree nhouse gas intensive products. The estimated meats global warming potential ranges from about 4 to 12% of all products studied crosswise the EU. Milk and dairy products are responsible for 2 to 4%, fruits and vegetables for approximately 2%.The food chain consists of many distinct stages with many different players, like farmers, suppliers, transport companies, producers, retailers, consumers and waste management companies. At all stages of foods product life cycle there are activities that may have an impact on climate change. These include farming, manufacturing, processing, packaging, storage, battery-acid, consumption and disposal (Carlsson-Kanyama et al., 1997). It is estimated that the food industry vizors for about 1.5% of bring greenhouse gas emissions in the EU. Within the whole food chain, agriculture papers for 49% of greenhouse gas emissions, followed by the consumption (18%) and manufacturing (11%) (Confederation of Food and Drink Industry, 2008). bringation is in like manner an cardinal contributor to greenhouse gas emission, because of the consumption of fuel and energy. Transport is estimated to describe for 21 % of the greenhouse gas emissions in the EU, but it is unclear how much of these emissions should be allocated specifically to food transportation (Confederation of Food and Drink Industry, 2008). early(a) impact on climate change in food production also depends on other factors, like the agricultural soil, the countrys climate, the intensity of use of fertilizers and chemicals, and the amount of energy and fuels use at different stages of the distribution chain. It is intrinsic to take all these factors into account when estimating the impact of food products on climate change. However, this is not always possible or feasible, because of the complexity of the sum up chain and the neglect of available data.Food MilesFood miles, which accounts for the distance products have been travelling to reach the end consumer, has in crease awareness of late. Nowadays many food products travel long distances before their final consumption. In the USA, for example, the food for one typical meal has travelled more than 2000 kilometers. And, if that meal contains any off-season fruit or vegetable the total distance is much more (Oxfam, 2009). It is commonly for food to be transported great distances to be encase and processed, and then sent back in order to be sold near the place where it was produced. An example of this kind of practice is the shrimp industry in the Netherlands.There are several factors that have led to the increase in the distances food travels. These include trade liberalization, sourcing from around the world, geographical centralization to achieve economies of scale, change magnitude market share of retailers located out of the town of consumers, and finally, lower transportation costs of air freight rate, which comparatively cheap compared to some other supply chain costs (Smith et al, 20 05). As a result of the miles that food makes, emissions like CO2 are increasingly released, which contribute to climate change. The term food miles was introduced by the British non-governmental organization Sustainable Agriculture, Food and the Environment (SAFE) in 1994. They were the first to address the danger of long distances in food transportation. The concept implies that the lower the food miles, the less impact a product has on climate change. Therefore, consumers should be encouraged to buy local anestheticly produced food. Some retailers in Europe and North America started promoting food miles initiative in order to address the problem of the long distances that food travels. These initiatives are often foc employ on promoting localism or regionalism in food sourcing. A few examples of these kind of initiatives will be discussed later.Food Miles Calculation ComplexityIn order to calculate the distance that food has travelled, the commonly used formula is the Weighted modal(a) Source Distance. This formula combines information of the distances from production to point of sale (kilometers) and the amount of food product transported (Carlsson-Kanyama, 1997). The formula for the Weighted Average Source Distance is (m(k) x d(k)) / m(k). Where k stand for the different location points of the production, m stand for the weight from each point of production, and d stand for distance from each point of production or sale. Although this formula looks quite simple, the application is rather difficult, because many food consist of multiple ingredients. Due to a lack of precise data about the exact distance of all ingredients, the calculation is often based on approximations. The formula does also not take into account how the food is transported (by marine, road, racetrack or air). This transport mode is important, because different transport modes have different emissions per product unit.Drivers for Food Miles InitiativesThere are five principal(pren ominal) drivers for initiatives to reduce food miles NGO pressure, government support, consumer choose, food miles as a selling concept and the potential reduction of costs. In the early 1990s British NGOs addressed the social and the environmental impacts caused by food miles. The main argument to support the food miles concept was the concern for climate change. It was implied that the longer the distance food travels, the more energy is consumed, the more fossil fuels are burned, and consequently the more greenhouse gases are released. Therefore the solution proposed was to source food from as completion as possible to where it will be finally consumed (Saunders et al., 2006). Other arguments used included the concern that food that could be produced in the home country was merchandise instead, which causes a loss of income to local production, and also the concern that workers overseas might not be treated fairly (Oxfam, 2009). Some NGOs were specifically against air freight ing of food because this kind of transport is very energy intensive and causes the most negative externalities to the environment. They also addressed multilateral international trade, this is when a product was import in the UK while the national production of that same product was exported from the country. As the solution to these problems, the British NGOs promoted to consume food that was topically produced (Saunders et al, 2006).Many EU countries support the concept of local food production and local food consumption. For example, the Italian government forces local authorities to include organic and local food in the develop catering. The EU itself, although not directly supporting the concept of food miles, provides funding to support local food initiatives to develop farmers markets and local food stakes (Euractiv, 2011). Food miles is seen as a possibility to improve environmental sustainability, because the distance and transport mode are important elements within the f ood chain as well as being associated with pollution from vehicle emissions (Saunders et al, 2006).Also the consumer awareness has raised the concern about the impact that food transportation has both environmentally and socially. This awareness has increase due to a few major food issues of the last decade (e.g. mad cow disease, foot and mouth disease, Q-fever, swine flu and the discussion about producing genetically modified food). These events have raised consumer fire about the origin and traceability of their food. Nowadays, many consumers and restaurant owners have a strong preference for local food product. An important reason why they choose local foods is because consumers have more trust in locally produced food since they know where it comes from. The concept of food miles has become old(prenominal) topic to the public, which exceed to the consumers believe that food travelling a shorter distance is better for the environment. Consumers also argue that local food is mo re fresh and even tastes better than when it travelled long distances (Pirog and Benjamin, 2003).As already mentioned, consumers are interested in having the opportunity to purchase products that was produced and processed within their own region. These customers might be specifically interested in buying low food miles products due to their perceived freshness and quality (Pirog and Benjamin, 2003). Food retailers and food producers anticipate on this demand and use the food miles concept as a marketing tool. These marketing messages support the consumers perception that locally produced food is better. Therefore the food miles concept helps to assure products from the competition. Because climate change sentiments are increasingly being included in business strategies, the concept of food miles is sometimes used by producers in marketing strategies to differentiate products from the international competition. An example of this is Friesland Campina, who only source from Dutch da iry farmers, and this actively promotes in advertisement. Campina customers also have the opportunity to trace their milk via an singular code on the milk cartons.The last driver is the potential cost reduction of transportation. The costs for food transportation is relatively cheap compared to other supply chain costs. The cost of shipping containers around the world is relatively low and fuel for aviation is not taxed. Also, for a long time air freight and shipment were included in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, but this has been included in the ETS from 2011 onwards (Euractiv, 2007). Airlines will therefore have to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions or buy some sort of pollution credits on the carbon market. However, the EU recently initiated the first key measure to reduce the impact of air travel on global warming. The European Commission set an emissions cap for the aviation sector. Emissions trading for the aviation sector will start in January 2012 with a yearly allowa nce of 213 million tons of CO2 (Euractiv, 2011). This will increase the costs of transportation, including of food products. Therefore, it is interesting to integrate the food miles concept in the procurement constitution of a policy, because it might bring potential cost savings on airline freighting.Examples of Food Miles InitiativesAs it was mentioned earlier, food quality, support of local community, food freshness and concern about the impact of transport on climate change have increased consumers interest in the origin and traceability of food, including a strong preference for locally produced food. Therefore, driven by consumer demand and with the objective to reduce food mileages of the products they distribute, big retailers made local sourcing initiatives a core aspect of their sustainable policies.The food miles concept can be used in two ways to reduce the environmental impact of food transport, the so called fewer miles and friendlier miles notions. Fewer miles means that companies and retailers are trying to reduce the overall distance that food travels. Such initiatives include local sourcing and greater capacity vehicles that carry more products in one trip. Friendlier miles are achieved when the environmental impact of the distance travelled is reduced by using less damaging forms of transport (such as rail or water compared to road or air) or by technological improvements in vehicle and fuel technologies to reduce the impact of any given mile (DEFRA Annual Report, 2007). The air-freighted labels, for consumers to identify products having been transported by plane, can be an example of friendlier miles initiatives as its final goal is to promote more sustainable transport modes.AholdAhold takes initiatives for fewer food miles. The supermarkets in the Ahold group are encouraged to source in a sustainable way and reduce their environmental footprint by buying local. In the United States, a product is considered local if it is sourced from the state or municipality in which the supermarkets operates. Many of the US stores operate in rich agricultural areas, so they are able to source many products locally. However, there are government regulations that restrict the use of the term local (especially when applied to dairy products), and this varies by state, region or municipality. In the United States, a local product program is executed during the local growing seasons. During 2010, Giant Food Stores and Martins Food Markets encouraged customers to follow the so called Local Route in stores that pointed the way to fresh products grown locally by farmers within their own communities. A second initiative is at Rimi Supermarket in Estonia. This initiative raises consumer awareness about Estonian products by adding an Estonian flag label to products of Estonian origin. At some stores in Lithuania, local farm shops know as vikis have opened within the stores. Local farm produce in Rimi hypermarkets, where customers can buy hi gh-quality products grown or produced by small- and medium-scale Lithuanian farmers. The shop-within-a-shop concept supports the idea of local sourcing and production, meeting the demands of customers and suppliers (Ahold, Corporate Responsibility Report 2010).HellmannsHellmanns has been taking another initiative to support fewer food miles. In 2009, the Unilever mayonnaise brand Hellmanns, campaigned for the consumption of local food in Canada. As part of its Eat real. Eat local campaign it was running a commercials that makes the Canadians wonder how far their food travels to get to their dinner tables. The campaign highlights the increasing tendency of food importation, and how this phenomenon influences the Canadian economy, the environment and communities. Food like cucumbers, tomatoes and peppers, which Canadians can grow in their own backyards, in reality travel many miles and are hardly fresh by the time they are eaten. The message is in the main meant for Canadians, but c ould certainly be applied elsewhere. Although the climate change is mentioned the commercial, the main emphasis is on the threats to the domestic economy and not so much on the environmental consequences of food miles (Unilevers Sustainable Development Overview 2009).HeinekenHeineken Netherlands recently took an initiative for friendlier miles. The beer and soda manufacturer, bottles more than 70% of its export beer in the brewery of Zoeterwoude. This means that large volumes of beer have to be transported via the highly populated roads of South Holland. In order to relieve the traffic around the brewery and to reduce the companys carbon footprint, it decided to build the a large container terminal along the channel. Since October 2010, Heineken transports all its export products by boat to the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp. By this initiative, Heineken transports three-quarters of its the total transport over water instead, which is taken off the road. The initiative is expected t o reduce the number of trucks on the road with 100.000 per years, who account for 6 million kilometers. Heineken reduces its emission of carbon dioxide with 35% (Heineken Sustainability Report, 2010).Marks and SpencerTo address the problem of climate change caused by air traffic and to meet the customers interest in knowing how food is transported, the UK retailer Marks Spencer, started an initiative under the concept of friendlier food miles. Since 2007, they label the food that has been imported by air. Marks Spencer prints a small airplane symbol and the words air freighted (see Figure 1) on over 150 different food products, including beans and strawberries. Marks and Spencer has pull ind this label for all of their air-freighted food to enable customers to identify products which have been transported by air and to help the company to ensure that this form of transport is used only where local alternatives are not available (Marks and Spencer, How We Do Business Report, 2010) .Figure 1. Air freighted label.Strengths and limitationsIn this section, the main strengths and limitations of the food miles initiatives will be presented. It can be said that one of the main advantages of initiatives promoting local food, is that they can bring to a reduction of the amount of greenhouse gas emissions because food does not travel as far as if imported from other countries. Buying local food also has the advantage of promoting local farming, which, in turn, supports the local economy and the creation of new employment opportunities. It is also believed that local food is fresher and tastes better than food shipped long distances. However, it is questionable to what extent food miles really guarantees that a product sourced locally generates lower greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore whether implementing the food miles concept actually results in a lower climate change impact.An important limitation for the food miles concept is that it might is used as a justifi cation for protectionism of the local economy. Therefore, the food miles concept has been criticized (Wilson, 2007). Since the main principle of food miles is to promote fewer miles and the consumption of local products, this might create unofficial import barriers for some countries to export their products because they travel long distances. Another limitation that can be used against the food miles concept is the fact that a single indicator based on the total distance food is transported, cannot be an adequate indicator of sustainability (Smith et al, 2005). A study carried out Smith et al for DEFRA came to the conclusion that a range of factors have an effect on the overall impacts of food transport, not only the miles travelled. The concept of food miles is therefore inadequate, since it excludes the climate impact of other aspects than transportation (DEFRA, 2005).Food transportation ranges just one of many components of the total environmental impact of food production and consumption. When assessing the environmental impact of food, it is essential to take into account all those different factors, including how food was produced, packed, stored, as well, how and how far it was transported. As an example, Smith et al. found out that importing tomatoes from Spain during the winter generates less CO2 emissions than growing tomatoes in greenhouses in the UK (Figure 2).Local produced tomatoes in the UK (high emissions, low miles)Imported tomatoes from Spain (lower emissions, more miles)Figure 2. Represenation of CO2 emission, UK vs. Spain (Smith et al, 2005).Another example is from the horticulture industry, which coulis similar to many food products. Williams (2007) carried out a comparative study of the carbon impact of growing 12,000 quality cut stem roses in Kenya and air-freighting them, with growing them in the Netherlands and driving them to the UK. The results of the study are presented in the table below. It shows that the production and followin g export and delivery of Kenyan roses generates less greenhouse gas than the production and delivery of Dutch roses. This is mainly due to the fact that Kenyan production uses substantially less primary and fossil energy than the Dutch production (Williams, 2007). The results are presented in table 1 below.KenyanDutchClimate impact2400 kgCO2e (without altitude impact) and 6200 kgCO2e (with altitude impact).37 000 kgCO2e.Most carbon intensive stagesAir freight (73-89% of climate impact).Heating and ignitor of greenhouses (99% of climate impact).Other key differencesGeothermal source for energy use and almost double the yield per unit area.Fossil intensive heating and lighting, and just over half the Kenyan yield rate.Table 1 Comparison of impacts for the production of 12,000 roses from Kenyan and The Netherlands (Williams, 2007)Pirog and Benjamin (2003) also showed that food miles might only represent a small percentage of the total energy inputs in a products life cycle. According to their study, transportation accounts for 11% of the energy use within the total food system, this is considerably less than agricultural production (17.5%) and processing (28.1%) (see Figure 3). To quantify the climate impact of a product, it is essential to consider all greenhouse gas emissions through the whole life cycle of the product and not only the ones related to transportation, or just looking at the distance in miles or kilometers.Figure 3. Energy use in the US food system (Pirog and Benjamin, 2003)Another problem with the food miles concept is that it does not take into account the mode of transport (Saunders et al, 2006). Air freight has by far the highest global warming potential of all transport modes. It is also important to note that there is also a significant difference between road and rail an boat transportation, the latter appears to be more climate-friendly transport modes than road. Transport efficiency also makes a difference. According to Smith et al (200 5), there is also a concern that moving to lower food miles (e.g. local sourcing) can have a negative impact on overall transport and energy efficiency. They explain it by the fact that if there is a growth in business for littler producers and retailers, there could be an increase in energy consumption as smaller vehicles are used and economies of scale in production are woolly (Smith et al., 2005).There is also a concern that a reduction of food miles, in particular prohibiting air freighted products, could have an adverse impact on imports from exploitation countries. This concern is motivated by the fact that farmers in developing country are heavily dependent on exports to developed country markets (Oxfam, 2009). Therefore, restricting air freighted products on a large scale have high impact on farmers of Africa. In this way climate change is going to affect the myopic in Africa harder than anyone else, which are the people who have done least to cause the problem. Some busi ness therefore disapprove the use of an airplane symbol such as Marks and Spencers logo. Oxfam for example, supports the initiative for fair miles, one that also takes the fairness of trade with developing countries into consideration.Finally, there is discussion whether policies based on food miles could lead to an increase of food prices. On the one hand, reducing food miles might lead to reduced transportation costs, which, could reduce food prices. On the other hand, locally sourced food can be more expensive than globally sourced food, because economies of scale are lost or due to differences in labor costs (Smith et al, 2005). expiryIt has been shown that food miles, although initially believed to be a potential good indicator of climate sustainability, has just limited benefits in ground of mitigating climate change. Food transportation represent one of many components of the total environmental impact of food production and consumption. When assessing the environmental impa ct of food, it is essential to take into account all those different factors, including how food was produced, packed, stored, as well as but not only, how and how far it was transported. The concept can be used for protectionist purposes, but has significant negative side effects. First of all, it is unclear what the impact is for product-related costs and food prices. The implementation of food miles can force companies to put particular attention to the efficiency of the food distribution system beyond their own operations. This leads in particular to a reduction of companies transport-related greenhouse gas emissions. From a cost perspective, the implementation of the food miles concept can potentially both reduce and increase companies costs, leading to an increase or decrease of food prices. On the one hand, reducing food miles might lead to reduced transportation costs. On another hand, locally sourced food can be more expensive than globally sourced food, because economies o f scale are lost or due to higher labor costs. Secondly, a reduction of food miles, in particular prohibiting air freighted products, could have an adverse impact on imports from developing countries.To conclude, if food producers and retailers want to operate more sustainable ways and mitigate their impact on climate change, they should not only focus on food miles. While increased food transport obviously has an environmental impact, the kilometers that food travels do not per se serve as a valid indicator. The evidence is relatively weak in terms of local sourcing leading to lower impact as a general rule. In addition to environmental considerations, transport has to be seen in a wider context, taking account of the social and economic dimensions of sustainability, both in the EU and globally. Trade and transport is an inherent component of EU policy and it is essential to provide appropriate food supplies throughout the EU market and sufficient consumer choice. Moreover, sourcin g products from non-EU countries, in particular developing countries, contributes to the development and wealth of those economies. A transport concept focusing on transport distances alone would therefore seriously undermine a number of key EU policy objectives in terms of social and economic sustainability.

A company operating

A company runA multinational sometimes cognise as transnational, is a company operating out of its origin sphere which involves one or more than countries. Multinational corporations growth in alliances, joint ventures and mergers and acquisitions, still this will cause consumers to recognize the grass, rather the pargonnt company. Shell, Caltex, ExxonMobil, Nokia, McDonalds, Toyota, Nestle, Sony, Microsoft corporations are a few example of multinational corporations. It is important as many large corporations bunk to plus sales and gain brand recognition at the resembling time providing jobs opportunities as in the case study of James Dyson and Waterford Wedgwood.International trade is the multinational process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, legals, and operate to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives1.Today, many multinational corporations are surviving and competing against their competitors brand to achieve higher market profits. The companies apply strategic measures to expand their business as well as improving management in order to increase profit income.The basis of a company running its business is to have a good human resource management, character control on carrefour or work, maintaining loyal customers and at the same time boosting sales and implementing merchandise strategy in their founding region country. For examples the most popular convergence in the United States are Microsoft Corporation, Apple, and McDonald, where they gain most of their profits from its own founding country.However, if the same company runs the same system they use in their founding country, it index non be successful if they were to expand their business market onto the foreign market. This is because different countries have different culture, religion, tradition, mind set, environment and lifestyle and it plays a lively means that caused the marketing plans to fail if international marketing mixed bag concepts are not brought into consideration. CEO of Coca-Cola, Mr Daft mentioned, it was that the next big evolutionary step of qualifying global now has to be going topical anaesthetic. Most worrying for the global brand-owners, consumers in the newly opened markets started expressing a desire for topical anaesthetic products, protection for its topical anesthetic s everywhereeignty and cultural identities2. In order for an organization or business to achieve a successful rate in widening their product services internationally, the management team take aways to apply the international marketing mix in planning and strategies marketing concept that cater for international market consumers.In this assignment the multinational company that sick examine its international marketing mix operation will be Kentucky Fried Chicken as Ill investigate and study the strategies of its international marketing mix of the companys success.Kentuck y Fried Chicken, or famously known as KFC is a very well known fast-food chain restaurant having thousands of franchises byout the world, serving its famous Colonel Harland Sanders trademark squawker, in both Original Recipe and Extra artistic Crispy varieties, along with chicken sandwiches, chicken pot pies, crispy chicken strips, mashed potatoes and gravy, and potato wedges.KFC Corp. is wholly owned by Yum Brands, Inc., which similarly operates the Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, Long John Silvers, and AW restaurant chains. The headquarters is situated in Kentucky, where the brand originated and half of the profits made by this company is through international marketing and sales or via franchising.The deuce marketing prelude which adapted by KFC in their marketing campaign which I will elaborate more, are standardized, and adaptation marketing approach.In standardized method, it described as a common market program, where a company uses a standard, fixed marketing plan to run its bu siness in their founding country. One sens notice that all the outlets are very identical and the management is really concern on the standard operating procedure (SOP), to ensure highest standard quality of food and services being offered to the customer.Take Shiseido, a beauty brand as example, where there are employing standardized method, where all their products marketing are the same all over the international market in terms of the product, p strain, promotion and placement of the product. Same goes to Coca-cola, Pepsi, and Marlboro where standardization strategies are used. Consumer move purchase the same vanilla extract Coke, Coke Light and the red tab Coke is sold all around the globe.However, adaptation strategies is total opposite of standardized where it recommends for product and marketing adaption for a certain international market in order to suit the needs of the foreign market in terms of cultural, environment, product knowledge et cetera in order bring success to its marketing plan and to aid boost its sales.Therefore by analyzing Kentucky Fried Chicken international adaptation marketing strategies with Malaysia, which are managed by QSR Brands Berhad3, there are significant fights of marketing strategies used compare to common standardization marketing uses in their founding country. We can notice the difference by analyze the both countries 4Ps of marketing mix. I shall start with the first marketing mix, which is product.ProductProduct marketing is the first element that deals with the specifications of the goods or services and how it is related to satisfaction of the customers. Products are usually developed to meet up the wishes of the customers. It is sorted according to the five characteristics, quality, features, styling, brand recognize, and packaging. 4Based on the KFC product marketing plans in the US markets, their products are packed using their brand symbolic color of red and white together with the image of Colonel San ders which is the core of the companys advertising and mark strategies. It uses standardized approach method to market their product, and also to neighboring countries of Canada, New Zealand and some part of Europe. Other than fried chicken, many KFC restaurants serve side dishes identical coleslaw, potato wedges, french fries and mashed potatoes.But for their international product to Malaysia, it used the same brand name, image, packaging, and preserving its quality of the fried chicken as it is the companys Unit change Proposition. Also, its finger lickin good famous catchy slogan are maintained too.However, there are adaptations done to its products feature and styling of products such as Extra Tasty Crispy in the US, are being replaced by naming it Hot Spicy in Malaysia, but both products are similar just the features name is different. The culture of Malaysia and the US are different that is why certain products of name are different in one and some new(prenominal). The t itle Hot and spicy is more suitable in Malaysia rather than Extra Tasty Crispy because of the word spicy as it brings the meaning of risque,.KFC Malaysias new product, the X meal Hotrods with smoking hot sauce is somehow similar to Malaysian favorite traditional food Satay. Same goes to local product of Nasi Lemak Enak where Malaysians can find it in one of the KFC a.m meal, not to mention as well the Colonel Chicken Rice Combo, which are Malaysian local food it is because Malaysian more like to eat rice than American who like to eat mashed potatoes. As majority of Malaysia consume rice as their main carbohydrate source in their daily diet. KFC seems to acknowledge the important of rice in their serving, and therefore offering rice and chicken porridge as an alternate adds-on in their menu.KFC also provide Milo as a drink of eat due to Malaysian use to drink Milo as their hot chocolate drink. KFC in Malaysia also provide Thirst Quenchers with a fun fuck up of scoops of ice-cream with any carbonated drink in these hot seasons in Malaysia. Desserts are ice-cream because of the hot weather of Asia, Malaysian prefer ice-cream rather than parfait in the US to tactile property cool.Another distinctive product differences are KFC in the US sells pork barrel ribs in their market but its different in Malaysia whereby this is a Muslim country and the restaurant need to follow regulations for Halal food certification in order to attract Muslim customer. Pork and beef are not permitted and other products are needed to be replaced with alternatives favorites. Apart from the certificate for operational premises, internal controls over raw materials procurement, manufacturing, packaging, storage, transportation and utensils need to be controlled as well.KFC need to visualize the cultures and religions of Malaysia where Halal food is food that complies with Islamic Law stipulates that food consumed to be hygienic, not harmful to health, set down from any forbidden part s of animal origin, free from anything regarded as filth under Islamic law. In addition, meat products essential be derived from animals that are permissible and slaughtered according to Islamic Law for example pork which are forbidden for Muslims. This is because they need to fulfill the requirement of international marketing mix of Malaysias custom, tradition, religion and other factors that need to be concern and also the consumer demographics and psychographics of Malaysians. contempt Malaysians customs and culture traditions, KFCs marketing in Malaysia is gaining its ground with unequivocal success by implementing the international marketing mix.PriceFor Price marketing, it refers to the process of setting a price to the product. Price is the only element in the marketing mix that brings revenue to the firm. Pricing strategies are linked with factors of standard of living, population size, age profile, and purchase pattern of its consumer market. It also deals with ones count ry economy status.The prices of all of the items offered by KFC Malaysia are reasonable and suitable with the target market segments. Pricing of KFC chicken is Strength for KFC in the SWOT analysis as the meals are comparably cheaper than its competitor of Popeyes and AW. Figure below tells that KFC snack plate are more value for money comparing with AW set.KFC also introduce JomJimat, which attracts consumers to save more for individual set. Not to forget the affordable yet convenient way of having breakfast, this is called KFC a.m meal that offers local foods. Family feast of miniskirt bucket combo and variety bucket also comes with discounted price.By having suitable pricing and campaign will help ease the burden of consumer financially as they make KFC their choices when it comes to eating quality yet delicious fried chickenPlacePlace refers to where and how the product gets to the customers. Two basic issues involved in acquire the products are channel management and logistic s management. Most of the KFC restaurants around the world are in commercial areas. In the US, it can also be found operating as free-standing units and kiosks in high-traffic crowded areas. Such methods can capture both the consumer market of family and friends gatherings area, and also the busy working class, so that they could grab a con game of KFC anytime, anywhere. Nontraditional service, often stemming from successful innovations instituted in the companys international operations, was seen as a way for KFC to enter new markets. Delivery, drive-through, carryout, and supermarket kiosks were up and running. Other outlets in testing were shopping mall and office-building snack shops, mobile trailer units, satellite units, and self-contained kiosks designed for universities, stadiums, airports, and amusement parks.However in Malaysia, KFC placed its restaurants in most commercial shopping malls, and also in every township. This will be easy for KFC as shoppers roaming around f or the purpose of shopping can actually be expected to step in and make a purchase. KFC Malaysia builds a strong affinity with a new generation of young customers by rolling out various strategies such as collaborating with the national zoo of having the restaurant to be placed in its compound. Im sure every school children are excited to have KFC during their visit to the Zoo. Oh how it cues me back of my puerility days eating KFC in zoo with its Chicky Mascot.Besides that, by offering 24-hour restaurant service to its consumer, it will surely satisfy the late hungers of KFC fans. Drive through are also another way of providing fast serving of food to rushing busy Malaysians who without the need of getting down from their vehicle to make orders. With over 350 KFC outlets situated in Malaysia, It is by far the most popular restaurant chain in the MalaysiaPromotionPromotion refers to the various methods of promoting the product. The four promotional tools accessible to the marketing managers are advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling. At KFC, Promotion is the main tool to bring all chicken lovers attention towards its delicious one-of-a-kind.AdvertisingKFCs advertizements can be seen throughout local media in Malaysia via billboard and banners in public transportations of LRT and bus, including major highway. Leaflets and page spreads can be seen advertised in newspaper, magazine, commercials can be seen and heard in radios and television as well as the internet. KFC aired their Variety Bucket commercials during dinner time in ASTRO Wah Loi Toi, to attract its target consumer of Chinese adult family where they spend time watching Chinese drama.For its KFC Hot Rods, its commercial can mostly be seen in 8tv and ntv7 channel where its younger targeted consumer watched youth programs. And for those consumer who vagabond internet searching for KFC information. KFC also provide website to visit.KFC Malaysia also stimulates repeat purchases o f its products Using Reminder advertisements. The company anthem finger linkin good is a wakeup call to the consumer to remind them how good they felt the last time they ate KFC chicken The website of KFC Malaysia tends to have more multimedia graphical elements comparing with the dull yet boring US website. By using video, animation, colors and images, it will draws consumers attention towards the product and stay on longer in browsing the website and this will make a good marketing approach towards Malaysians.KFC uses the theme good things come together with KFC as their promotion campaign which focus on family ties, friendships, and togetherness and at the same time, also direction unity of 3 races of Malaysia which works well with the 1Malaysia unity concept. KFC uses family sentimental approach in targeting their target market. This is because family value comes first for most Asians. Totally different from US, where its advertisement are focusing on low fat and healthy diet ca mpaign, 0 Gram Transfat nutrition.Another commercial for the fish burger in Malaysia TV channels, where it shows two Malay boys eating fish burger and it attracts many cats to surrounding them both. By applying and understanding Malaysian Malay culture where first, Malays are only fond to cats and not other animals especially dogs, and at the same time, showing that cats loves fish and the smell of the burger able to tempts the cats.Sales PromotionKFC Malaysia offers its customers with various forms of incentives to buy its Chicken. Using coupons that are inserted in local newspaper print ads, customers can enjoy the benefits of discounted price or free add-ons, which the customer must cut and bring along, serves as a pull factor to attract consumer to dine in its restaurant.PublicityAs KFC it grew in popularity, KFC turned to the psychological appeal wherein customers also contributed to the various community services via their purchases. Widely choose by renowned global brands, this unique marketing approach termed cause-related involves donation of a certain percentage of the purchase price to a specific humanity project focusing on corporate social responsibility.This was how KFC Care Fund 5was introduced, this being one of the most memorable corporate social responsibility projects initiated to help underprivileged children from 68 homes throughout Malaysia. PR effectively conveyed the feel good factor to customers that a certain percentage of their KFC Kids Meal purchases were being pooled for these charitable causes. either the more giving they became in helping out a good cause. As globalization has creates a unique yet sophisticated demanding consumer market, creative measures must be implemented in order to reach its target market. KFC need to foresee and follow with the pace of consumers purchasing and eating behavior in ever changing its marketing strategies. For example setting up small stalls or express kiosk in major busy streets of Kuala L umpur would be a good approach to meet consumers demand.Another suggestion, KFC Malaysia only provides drive thru placement in certain busy areas, but still a lot of branches in Malaysia dont have drive thru benefits to their customers. KFC must take action about this matter so that can keep more loyal customer even in their busy time they still willing to drive thru to buy KFC rather than McDonalds. Other than that, KFC Malaysia didnt provide delivery services to consumers home or office. They really need to take this as serious way to improve their sales and branding.Product wise, KFC may applies diffusion of innovations strategies and come out with special sets for vegetarian as well as introduce more chicken flavor other than Original Recipe and Hot Spicy. This can attract difference types of market segmentation consumer and with new product introductions it will keep pace with its competitors and gain market standings.KFC can also promote healthy eating campaign that targets t he healthy conscious consumers to curb the apprehension of fast food equivalent to bad health and obesity. These would be the changes I would like to see in the future marketing mix of KFC Malaysia.In conclusion, international marketing mix strategies played an important factor in the role of multinational corporation dealings its business via the international level as local needs of a certain country needed to be accountability for in order to drive the sales and demand for its product internationally. The combinations of 4ps marketing mix are an essential tool to breakthrough the consumer market and serves their needs and at the same time, maintaining and respecting their cultural traditional heritage. KFC has certainly reached its goal in the marketing plan, by creating standardized and adapted products that suits all market segmentation in all its international franchises and become a successful brand and position KFC as a multinational fast-food company.F. Robert Dwyer and Jo hn F. Tanner, 2006 Business Marketing. 3rd ed, international, McGraw-HillStuart wall and Bronwen rees. 2004 International Business. 2nd ed Essex, Pearson Education limited pg.30http//www.qsrbrands.com/English/NonFlashSite/BusinessUnits/BizU_Poultry_Integration.aspStuart wall and Bronwen rees. 2004 International Business. 2nd ed Essex, Pearson Education limitedhttp//www.qsrbrands.com/English/NonFlashSite/Communities/TabungPenyayang.asp

A Review On Barcode Technology Deices Information Technology Essay

A Review On Barcode Technology Deices Information Technology EssayThe case involves in a study of comparison between the two technologies that are world used Barcode Technology and RFID Technology. The highlights of companys sales and cost that it has incurred is been given by its CEO Mr. cakehole BracketThe company has grown its sales to $78 millionThe cost of goods sold is $61 millionThe inventory level of the company is about $14 millionThe company has three factories apiece at Ohio, Kentucky, South CarolinaCompany has Service First has its most important competitive priority.The company does mostly pre-production service and also post production services.The company currently uses Barcode engine room for s bearning all the components moving out of its inventory and for shipping too.BI scans about 8, 850 items per daylight in all the 3 factoriesA average BI employee works for about 2000 hours and he has annual pay of $55, 000 inclusive of benefitsThese are some of the highlig hts that pee been tryd for us. Now that Mr. Jack Bracket is considering changing the Barcode engineering science to RFID technology. The RFID vendor provided the company the following inputsBarcode takes 10 seconds to scan one item (this includes all the allowances and the quantify interpreted for the employee to go to the item and scan the item).The time taken to replace a defective barcode is about 5 minutes.The mensuration the company has to spend on position the RFID technology is about $620,000 and $480, 000 for all training and consulting services.The time for RFID to scan a item is 2/100th of a second or instantaneous.The % of error for a bar code technology is 2% everywhere the year for total reads and that for RFID is .2%The average money spent on a misread items was guessed to be well-nigh about $4The other benefits of the system such as inventory control and reduce misplacements and reduce in theft were not quantified.1.Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of RFID systems. How does RFID par to bar-coding? Did you find any RFID applications for services?Advantages of RFID TechnologyThe RFID technology does not need line of sight as in the case of the barcodes thereby reducing the amount of space dedicated for itThere are various types of RFID and can store lots of data in it.Reduce in the labor force.Decrease in the inventoryGood inventory controlReduces the theft and misplacements and increases the security of the product as it can be tracked wireless.Measurement of the inventory level is absolute now due to RFID.Disadvantages of RFID technologyThe RFID technology is too expensive when compared to the bar-code technology.The passive RFID which is the cheap form of RFID needs a power source to transmit the teaching to the system.Interference from other equipments in the factory may disturb the transmission of the information to the system.The transmitting of the radio frequency in a pallet containing marque or liquid may be difficul t some times.The RFID tags if worn out or removed from the item it may create a confusion.(These data and the information were collected from the websites of various supply chain companies and wireless guides such as www.ups-scs.com www.wireless- introduce-advisor.com)Comparison between the two technologiesCriteriaRFID TechnologyBar-code TechnologyCostpricyRelatively CheapLaborNot much manpower requiredLabor required higher than RFIDAmount of Data that can be stored uttermost amount of data can be storedNot much data can be storedScanning time2/100th of second10 seconds for one itemError%.2%2%Read/WriteThere is read write options in RFIDThere is no such options they are slackly read onlyApplications of RFID TechnologiesThe RFID technology has various applications in various fields. The RFID has been extensively used in the supply chain management in any manufacturing effort and it has got other applications in the inventory control of the factory. The RFID in the inventory control provides more than profit for managing the inventory.The RFID has also got applications in the hospital industries and other industries which needs tracking of its products.2.What is the payback for this possible RFID adoption?The RFID technology can scan a single item instantaneously or in 2/100th of a second when compared to 10 seconds for a single item for a Bar-code technology. This shows that there is an increase in the productivity of the product for the reason that it can scan more items than the barcode technology thereby decreasing the cycle time and increasing the production rateThe RFID needs less manpower compared to the barcode technology. This shows the amount of money spent on the manpower is reduced. The amount of money spent on the technology can be recovered by this. much data can be stored in the RFID than in the barcode technology and these influences in many factors which provide more profit to the factory such asMore productivityLess laborMore accuracyLess in ventoryLess inventory controlMore securityLess inventory audits and inventory checking3.What do you recommend Mr. Bracket do in the short and long terms? Explain your reasoning.Radio frequency identification (RFID) is the technology which is here to stay so, I would recommend to implement the RFID technology to his factoriesEven after going through all the profits because of implementing the RFID technology he has doubts about the technology, then I would recommend him to initially implement the technology in any one of his plants.This is because, now he can see the profit that are caused due to implementation of the new technology. This ordain also provide his employees to get used to the new technology and they can be comfortable working in the new technology.Then after a period of time he can also implement the RFID technology in all the factories of his and can earn a huge amount of profit, due to the increase in the productivity. The main objective of the BI is service first, can now not lose any more business that it had lost previously with the Wolf Furniture.He can also in the future use the RFID technology in inventory control so as to curb a control over the inventory and also he can have more security for the items that are manufactured. The implementation of the RFID will also reduce the number of products that were misplaced.BI can also think of applying the RFID tags to each and every component that is being manufactured in the factory. This will help the BI to keep track of the components that are being produced and also will help in calculating the amount of time it spends in each and every operation.With this data of time spent on each and every machine, the production planners can improve on the cycle time of the product. And thereby keeping track of the component for which the process was planned is being followed. This will also help in intimating in plant engineer if there is any rejection and where the rejection occurs.Therefore the RFI D can be used in all split of the industry and it will always yield profit for the company. After all these reasoning I think Mr. Jack Bracket of BI should not have any reservations in implementing the new technology to his company

Lady Macduff as a Foil for Lady Macbeth Essay -- essays research pape

Lady Macduff as a Foil for Lady MacbethIn many of Shakespeares undertakes, there is a major character, and a lesser character whose character traits directly contrast those of the major character. This literary device is called a foil. One example of this exists in the play Romeo and Juliet, in which Mercutrio foils Romeos character with his disdain for love and belief in man making his own destiny. Another example of foil exists in William Shakespeares play Macbeth. The character of Lady Macduff foils Lady Macbeth in her lack ambition, her genuine love of family life and her devotion to her husband.Although one only gets a brief glimpse at the life that Lady Macduff and her husband share, it is quite easy to assume just how different they are from the Macbeths. One example is simply fr...

Antigone and A Doll’s House feminine comparison Essay -- Gender Roles,

The emotional, sexual, and psychological stereotyping of females begins when the doctor says, Its a girl. (Chisholm). Where do women fit in the social recite of society today? Many women today fit in the same role as they would shed been expected to long ago. Though generally speaking, women watch a lot more options today. The male hierarchy still governs most aspects of society, but with many more limitations because women be discovering that they can stand on their own, and turn in no need for constant regulating from their male counterparts. Patriarchal influences are the base of society. In Antigone Sophocles tells a tale about Greek values and womens status. Antigone has just witnessed her two brothers kill each other one brother died defending Thebes and the other died betraying it. Creons law keeps anyone from burying the traitor and Antigone is set on contravening this. Conversely, Ibsens playwright, A Dolls House, is a story about an intelligent woman, Nora, who is mis understood by her husband, Torvald. She takes desperate measures to keep her family intact but in the end wines up going out on her own. As the stories progress the both Noras and Antigones characteristics become very similar in that they are both rebellious, are subservient to male jurisdiction, and are resolute and strong-willed in their decision. Firstly, Antigone and Nora are both mildly chaotic and rebellious. Women, at those times have certain expectations of following patriarchal jurisdiction. When Antigone goes against Creons law she shows her rebellious side. Noras seditiousness is demonstrated when Mrs.Linden converses with her and says, Why, a wife cant borrow money without her husbands consent(Ibsen 151). During Ibsens era many... ...igone is expected to be subservient, but has an urge to defy. Ismene tries to remind her about womens place in society, but fails in arduous to persuade Antigone. Nora all her life has been the little helpless lark that cannot think for h erself. Torvald sees her as what a woman was expected to be, and she is powerless. The resoluteness and the strong-will of both Antigone and Nora are vital. Without these qualities they would not of gotten far in their campaigns. Antigone has the constant but shaky decisiveness throughout the story. While, Nora has an unclear decisiveness until the very end when she completely decides to move out and is stiff to Torvalds pleas. These characters tell the story of women in the past that have paved the way for women today. Without them who knows how women would have been treated today? Surely, their actions were greatly needed.